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Wednesday, June 17, 2020

“Impact of Local People Participation in Tourism Development in Bhaktapur Municipality”



CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1  Background
Local people participation is viewed as one of the foundations for good administration which prompts advancement. It upgrades responsibility, straightforwardness and guarantee manageability of improvement activities. As far back as the prosperous of the nation the legislature started changes for decentralization going for coordinating mass individuals being developed process (Aref, 2011).
This chapter begins by introducing  a brief discussion of tourism in Bhaktapur Municipality, with a view to providing the clear picture of advantages on living standard of local people by development of tourism .The chapter concludes by briefly introducing the specific area Bhaktapur Municipality and this thesis project report focuses on along with the research questions it determines to examine.
1.1.1        Tourism in Nepal
Nepal island of unparalleled variety and situated between the two emerging super power India and china. Its total area is 1, 47,181 square kilometer. It is divided into three layers Himalayan, Mountain, Terai belt. Nepal has a different species if flora and fauna.125 languages’ and 59 ethnic groups living peace and harmony with secularism following different religion. That mean’s Nepal is multi-cultural, multi lingual, and multi religious nations. In spite of the presence of various religions caste and creeds there is religious harmony and tolerances among the Nepalese citizens (Satyal, 1998).
Unlimited potential for tourism development exists in Nepal on account of her beauty, geographical diversification and enrich in cultural heritages. Desire and attitudes of people vary in nature. So, people travel from one place another for the purpose of recreation, pleasure, study business and others miscellaneous. The activity connected with providing accommodation, accessibility amenities attraction, and services for people who are visiting a place for pleasure is tourism.
Tourism has got a great prospect in Nepal due to presence of natural beauty, cultural diversity and geographical structure, tourism has proved to be very important in Nepal. Tourism industry has played an important role in the growth of Nepalese economy as well as people have been aware about needs of tourism industry. It has direct effect on socio culture; and economic life of Nepalese people. However tourism was promulgated in Nepal only 5 decades ago. History of tourism industry in Nepal can be traced back to the mid-20th century. Nepal was closed to foreign till 1951/1952 A.D. The door of tourism was opened in Nepal with ascent of Mount Everest in 1953 A.D. then Nepal became opened to foreign tourist. The advent of hippie cultures in the 60s and 70s has further helped it to growth western aggravated by the impact of the second world war, attracted by easily available marijuana. It was free at the time flocked to Nepal.
 The tourism industry achieved next landmark for its promotion and growth after establishment of department of tourism in 1959 A.D. by the government efforts. The tourism act is promulgated in 1964 A.D. The effort for tourism development in Nepal continued with the design of master plan tourism 1972 A.D. The visit Nepal year 1998 A.D. campaign has been the land mark in the history of tourism in Nepal. The visit Nepal year was declared throughout Nepal with various programs in January 1998 A.D. The Nepalese tourism jumped another hurdles after establishment on Nepal tourism board.
 Government is placing high priority to tourism sector in its new economic development policy as there is s favorable situation in the country political scenario and the government is all prepared for economic revolution in next 10 years for the growth of the masses. In this regard the government of Nepal has launched a national tourism campaign Nepal tourism year 2011 A.D. With a set target at least one million international tourists by the year 2011 A.D. With the badge of adventure destination glittering and the adage “Atihi Devo Bhawa” Guests are Gods that reflects “Atihi ko Satkar, Neapliko Sanskar” (Satyal, 1998).Current national tourism campaign visit Nepal 2020 is on under process with the goals of two million international tourist’s arrival in Nepal by 2020 A.D. and augmented economic opportunities and increase employment opportunities in tourism sector to one million (Nepal, 2019).
1.1.2        Tourism in Bhaktapur Municipality
Bhaktapur is known as the 'City of Devotees', the 'City of Culture', the 'Living Heritage', and 'Nepal's Cultural Gem', which is around 20 km east of Kathmandu in the Kathmandu Valley, It is one of the 3 imperial urban local in the Kathmandu Valley. The others are Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, and Patan, Bhaktapur Municipality is loaded up with landmarks; most earthenware with cut wood sections; royal residences and sanctuaries with expand carvings, overlaid rooftops, and open patios. The city is spotted with pagodas and religious hallowed places. Lying along the antiquated exchange course among India and Tibet, Bhaktapur is encompassed by mountains and gives a wonderful perspective of the Himalayas. A portion of the Facts of Bhaktapur is also called Bhadgaon or Khwopa (Shahi, 2019).
Established in the twelfth century by King Ananda Malla, Bhaktapur was the capital city of the Greater Malla Kingdom until the fifteenth century and was an autonomous kingdom from that point until the eighteenth century. The last three Malla leaders of Bhaktapur were Jitamitra Malla, Bhupatindra Malla, and Ranjit Malla. These rulers assumed key jobs in building the royal residences and sanctuaries of Durbar Square. In 1744 A.D. Prithivi Narayan Shah, descendent of Dravya Shah, who was the originator of the Gorkha line, started a triumph walk in the Kathmandu Valley, catching and bringing together Kathmandu, Patan, Bhaktapur, and the littler towns of the Valley under one guideline. After a time of unsteadiness and a bleeding upset in 1846 A.D. Jang Bahadur Kunwar Ranaji took control of Nepal. His Rana administration ruled Nepal until 1951, when the Congress Party shaped another legislature. In 1960 A.D. King Mahendra took control, prohibited political gatherings, and established land changes. Political strife proceeded all through the late twentieth century.
In 1934 A.D.  a noteworthy seismic tremor decimated more than 2,000 houses and seriously harmed more than 2,000 additional homes. More than 1,000 individuals passed on in this tremor. Reclamation of numerous structures was attempted throughout the years, including endeavors financed by West Germany in the late 1980's and by the U.S. in the 1990's (Shahi, 2019).Bhaktapur is loaded up with Hindu and Buddhist religious locales and craftsmanship. Despite the fact that the populace is principally Hindu, there are nineteen Buddhist cloisters (Vihars).At Indra Varna Madavihar, worked in 1671 A.D.  and situated between Durbar Square and Dattatraya Square, guests can see two lion statues, a Patinga Hiti (water gush), Tantric wood-cut windows, and supplication wheels. There are likewise numerous Buddhist landmarks and sanctuaries, including Lokeswor Mahavihar, Prasannasheel Mahavihar, Chatu Brahma Mahavihar, Jaya Kirti Mahavihar, Sukra-varna Mahavihar, Dipanker Mahavihar.
Tourists can watch potters make centerpieces in the Pottery Squares. Indigenous (Newar) handiworks incorporate paubha scroll works of art, papier-mâché veils, cotton fabric, woodcarvings, metal work, adornments and clay items, haku-patasi (dark sari), dark tops and Juju-dhau (yogurt).    
Bhaktapur Municipality is wealthy in compositional excellence, loaded up with old Hindu and Buddhist religious locales, and royal residences and yards where travelers can without much of a stretch invest days retaining the conventions and culture of the Newars. Bhaktapur Durbar ('Royal') Square was added to the rundown of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 1979 A.D. Sightseers from pretty much every nation of the world visit Bhaktapur to watch the old expressions and social practices. Because of the recently redesigned six-path parkway, the quantity of guests has flooded up. Changunarayan Temple and Bhaktapur Durbar Square are enrolled in the World Heritage. Fifty-five-window Palace, Datatraya Temple, Nyatapole,Bhairab Temple, Suryabinayak Temple, Doleshwor Mahadev Temple and Nagarkot are the unmistakable visitor goals of Bhaktapur. An itemized end-all strategy for the tourism improvement was drafted in 2067 B.S. A large group of landmarks like sanctuaries, religious stages, royal residences, stone taps and lakes, and a plenty of celebrations, moves and supplicating rehearses together make this locally a sublime traveler center point (Shahi, 2019).
1.2 Statement of Problem
Tourism is a dynamic, high employing generating industry in the world and one of the major sources of substantial foreign exchanges or earning ( Mwandosya, 2007). It is through this observation that may people have faith that tourism is well placed as one of the major means through which development of local people as well as society can gained (Beeton, 2006).
One approach to enhance this development via tourism is to involve local people and ensures that their active role is tapped and maintained thorough participation in the tourism industry (Beeton, 2006). It is the world's biggest boss and one among the significant source of considerable local income. It is through this perception that numerous individuals trust that the business is very much put as one of the real means through which the improvement of locals can be accomplished. Note that participation and involvement is key to the reasonable improvement of the business not just in light of the fact that tourism has had a nearby association with the local especially as hosts and aides yet additionally on the grounds that the goals of visitors are locals and it is in the local that tourism occurs (Blank, 1989).
Participation is a procedure through which partners, among them the locals who are frequently the proposed recipients of local tourism, impact and offer authority over advancement activities and the choices and assets which influence them (Havel, 1996).Participation, in this manner, looks for joint effort or organizations and the responsibility important to guarantee supportability of the tourism advancement activities (Wolfensohn, 1996). Incomprehensibly, the results of support are generally an impression of a specific dimension of inclusion of pertinent partners in the basic decision-making process which thusly empowers individuals to make educated duties to a specific the tourism venture (Havel, 1996).
In the discourse on local based tourism, many scholars have argued that local people participation/involvement in tourism activities not only leads to getting local community support for the industry but also acts as crucial components to achieving sustainable development (Kibicho, 2003; Cole, 2006). Therefore, this study aim to answer the question whether there is a significant effect of impact between the independent variables that are decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program and the dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
1.3 Research Questions
In order to conduct this research the following question were developed:
1.      Is there any participation of local people in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality?
2.      What is the context of tourism development in the Bhaktapur Municipality?
3.      What is the effect of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality?
4.      What factors of local people participation effect tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality?
1.4 Research Objectives
According to the research problems and questions, the following objectives are indentified:
1.      To examine the status of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
2.      To examine the status of tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
3.      To analyze the effect of local people participation on tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.


1.5 Significance of Study
This study can be benefits the local people, business operators, tourism organization, and local government as its highlight the impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The factors are the independent variables such as decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local  occupation into tourism products, restoration-cleanliness & awareness program. Moreover; this research will also serves as a future reference for others researchers on the subject of impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
1.6 Research Hypothesis
Based on the literature review, the research proposes the following hypothesis to know the impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
H1: There is a positive effect of local people participate in decision-making process in tourism development.
H2: There is a positive effect of local people participation in tourism policy and planning in tourism development.
H3: There is a positive effect of local people participation in transforming local products into tourism products.
H4: There is a positive effect of local people participation in restoration, cleanliness and awareness program in tourism development.
1.7 Research Limitations
All the research work has its own limitations; no study can be made beyond the limitations. In this research, following can be the limitations:
1.      The present study limited to Bhaktapur Municipality only and it does not cover others Municipality of Bhaktapur district.
2.      All the collected information’s are based on data collection from field survey and secondary sources where data collected from the respondents assumed to be correct.
3.      Study must be done in a constrained spending plan at individual costs.
4.      There might exist response bias from respondents.


1.8  Structure of the Report
The entire research is organized into five chapters namely introduction, literature review and theoretical framework, research methodology, results and discussion, conclusion and implications.
Chapter I: Introduction
The first chapter introduces with background of the study, statement of research problems, research question and objectives of the research, significance of the research, research hypothesis and limitation of the research.
Chapter II: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework
The second chapter includes the review of journals, articles, online portable document format documents and various other sources of information from previous studies of scholar, researchers and writers regarding related information about the research. It consist of review of theoretical literature (includes local people, local people participation, tourism development, local people participation in tourism development, importance of local people participation, usefulness of local people participation in tourism development), empirical findings, summary of literature review, theoretical framework and operational definitions.
Chapter III: Research Methodology
The third chapter explains methodology used for this research.ths chapter introduces research design, population and sample, data collection procedures, instrumentation reliability analysis and data analysis.
Chapter IV Results and Discussion
This fourth chapter includes the results and finding obtained from the data analysis. SPSS statistics software package version 20 was used to explain the findings of this research and discussion of findings are also done in this chapter.
Chapter V Summary, Conclusion and Implications
This fifth chapter states about conclusion drawn from the research, its implication and implication for the further research.


CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Introduction
This chapter includes the reviews of various literatures from previous studies of scholars, researchers and writers regarding related information about the research. It consists of literatures about impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. Theoretical framework of research and operational definitions of the terms related to research are also explained later in this chapter.
2.1.1 Local People
Most conservation literature views the ‘local’ as a small spatial unit, homogenous social structure with shared norms and common interest. Tourism development has noted that local is central to sustainable tourism development, they seldom devote much attention to analyze the concept of local or how local affects the outcome (Aref, 2011).
 Local people refer to a group of individuals living or working within the same geographic area with some shared cultures or common interests. This geographical definition of local is essential to understand how local development is linked or the ability of a local to improve tourism development. However, Western et al. (1994) argue that the definition of a ‘local’ varies with context. Given so many definitions of local from people in a certain geographical location (Aref et al. 2010), nature of the interactions and local characteristics, for this study define locals as a set of multiple actors with formal and informal rules and norms that shape their interaction in local level processes- a definition which comprise also institutions which have much influence on local development.
2.1.2 Local People Participation
Local people participation is a process in which people can influence projects and decision making on issues that are relevant to their lives and the environment they live in. By providing the public with necessary information and allowing their voices to be heard, the quality of plans is expected to improve with the local people’s ideas, opinions and knowledge. It also gives the power holder a chance to assist them in understanding the problem, the alternatives and possible opportunities. A wide range of participatory methods has been created in different countries throughout the world with new ways of interacting. In every project, a decision has to be made on what kind of process should be used and at what level of the local people participation.
The level of participation can vary. There is not necessarily an agreed upon, appropriate level. The idea that “more participation is better” does not always hold true because the more citizens get involved, the more time is required on both sides. This can especially be the case in large-scale projects in low-income communities where it may simply not be practical or feasible for the local to spend the time required to achieve the highest levels of participation.
Apart from the economic contribution that the local people can accrue from tourism, their involvement in tourism development can as well be beneficial to tourism development because they can create an “effective environmental stewardship that builds on indigenous, local and scientific knowledge, economic development, social empowerment, the protection of cultural heritage and the creation of interpretive and nature-based experiences for tourist learning and cross-cultural appreciation” development within and around protected areas is crucial in bridging the gap between governance and use of the resources in a tourist destination.
Local people participation in tourism development processes can support and uphold local culture, tradition, knowledge and skill, and create pride in local heritage (Lacy et al., 2002). The goal of local people participation is to improve communication between stakeholders in the interest of facilitating better decision-making and sustainable development (Nampila, 2005). Local people participation also is the mechanism for active local involvement in partnership working, decision making and representation in local structures (Chapman & Kirk, 2001). It should be noted that local people participation often means the involvement of people or local with the government. However, this study emphasized the participation of the without local people participation, there is obviously no partnership, no development and no program.
Hence, lack of local people participation in decision making to implement tourism development can lead to failure in the local development (Miranda, 2007). Local people participation increases people’s sense of control over issues that affect their lives and also promotes self-confidence and self-awareness (Nampila, 2005). Levi & Litwin (1986) also regard local people participation as the creation of a democratic system and procedure to enable local members to become actively involved and to take responsibility for their own development, to share equally in the fruits of local development and to improve their decision-making power. Local people participation provides a sense of local to take responsibility for oneself and others, and a readiness to share and interact (Aref, 2010).
Most tourist destinations are also numerous stakeholders with varying interests and aspects. This provides good environment for resource use conflicts within and around tourist destinations. The presentation of interests of the local in the tourism development agenda is a complex issue that needs to be addressed carefully. There is unclear description of local people’s roles and how their views are incorporated in the whole planning and development process. While the previous study suggests a number of roles local could take in tourism development, little emphasis has so far been given as to how local they feel about these imposed roles. This creates a knowledge gap regarding what local think of their role in tourism development as opposed to the imposed roles. This is a crucial step in development of better and holistic plan for sustainable tourism destinations.
2.1.3 Tourism Development
Tourism development can be linked and explained better using two concepts: sustainable tourism and sustainable development. The World Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as “tourism which leads to management of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life supporting systems” (Shah, 2002). Therefore, tourism development can be meaningless if it’s socio-economic and environmental benefits do not trickle down to the local people or local. Development theory and tourism have evolved along similar time lines since the Second World War (Telfer, 1996). This is surprising considering tourism continues to be a growing focus of economic development policy in many regions and nations (Maleki, 1997).
 Countries in the world are turning to tourism as a strategy for development. Of these worldwide arrivals 1.2 billion will be intraregional and 378 million will be long stay travelers. Locations which can develop and market a tourism product, whether it be a special natural, historic or cultural attraction or an urban or rural destination, can take advantage of this market by attracting revenue from visitors (Maleki, 1997). Tourism is being used to generate foreign exchange, increase employment, attract development capital and promote economic independence (Britton, 1982). Others have also suggested that tourism can be a focus on local economic development tied into the maintenance of the biophysical environment (Wilkinson, 1992).
2.1.4 Local People Participation in Tourism Development
Participation is the involvement of all local people and other stakeholders in the formation of programmes or policies that would assist to change their local (Phiri, 2009). In addition, Croke, Grossman, Larreguy and Marshall (2014) explain that participation is important as it encourages governments to be accountable and also enables locals to be involved in the planning and implementation of projects in their respective areas. Rogoff (2011) is of the view that participation in tourism development should be a social interaction that benefits the whole community rather than a few individuals.
According to Mugenda (2009) local people participation is vital in tourism management, as it empowers local members to be involved and participate in the planning of the whole tourism development process. Local people participation in decision making encourages people to have confidence in the tourism industry and this improves plans, service delivery and brings the people together as they share common goals (Muganda et al. 2013). Local people participation is often regarded as being one of the most fundamental tools, if tourism is to make a substantial contribution to the national development of a country (Sebele, 2010). Furthermore, Yu et al. (2011) add that the participation of locals at a destination in tourism development is important for successful tourism planning and they should be enlightened about the expected impacts from such development.
Host local perceptions and attitudes can positively or negatively affect the tourism development process (Stronza & Gordillo, 2008). Tosun (2006), asserts that there are three typologies of participation; Spontaneous participation which is when the local people has full control and authority, secondly, induced participation, which is when the local people have a voice through an opportunity to hear and be heard meaning that the local people has no full responsible or participation in tourism development, they have no power to ensure that their views are taken into consideration, often referred to as top-down approach and lastly, coercive participation, where the local is not fully involved in decision-making but some of the decisions are made to just appease the local members by just meeting a few basic needs, so as to avoid socio-political risks for tourism development.


2.1.5 Importance of Local People Participation
Extensive literature search has identified the importance of local people participation in development tourism projects since it is broadly accepted that local people participation is one of the key ingredients of an empowered local. But local people participation is far more than a requirement, it is a condition for success studies have documented that locals that engage their citizens and partners deeply in the work of local development raise more resources, achieve more results, and develop in more holistic and ultimately more beneficial way.
Local people participation then, is critical to local success. It is believed that participation ensures success as people get involved when they have a sense of ownership of project and feels that the project meets their needs. This makes them readily oversee construction and then take care of the facilities to ensure their sustainability (Tacconi & Tisdell,1992).In addition it is suggested that participation can lead to greater local empowerment in the form of strengthened local organizations, a greater sense of pride and the undertaking of new activities (Oakley,1991).
 Lancaster (2002), points out the importance of local people participation as follows: the approach helps the project to be sustainable as locals themselves learn how to adopt and correct changes resulting from the project ,partnership or participation helps to protect interest of the people concerned, it enhances self-respect and self-reliance among people, that is ,they are enabled to obtain and do this by themselves, locals become aware of the project implementation as they have a great store of wisdom and skills. They understand their local needs and the nature of new project which they achieve. They can easily spread the new knowledge they acquired to other locals, thus cause a rapid increase in growth of the new idea, participation promotes a sense of ownership among the local of equipment used in the project, and even tourism projects itself. For example, they will protect and maintain the tourism projects through their own means like dispensary buildings, water pumps and buildings.
2.1.6 Usefulness of Local People Participation in Tourism Development
Local people participation in tourism development plays a crucial role in development of tourism. The following are the argument which shows the usefulness of local people participation in tourism development. This all-embracing term covers a wide range of benefits which participation can bring. Participation helps to break the mentality of dependence which characterizes much development work and instead it promotes self-awareness and confidence, making people examine their problems and to think positively about solutions.
Participation brings about a greater chance that resource available to development tourism projects will be more efficiently. Participation can, for example help reduce misunderstanding or possible disagreements, and thus the time and energy often spent by professional staff explaining people of a project benefits can be reduced.
Participation will also make tourism projects more effective as instruments of development tourism projects are invariably external mechanisms which are supposed to benefit the people of particular area.
Participation which allows these people to have a voice in determining objectives, to support project administration and to make their local knowledge, skills and resources available must result in more effective tourism projects. A major reason why many tourism projects have not been effective objectives in the past is because local people were not involved .Effectiveness equals the successful realization of objectives and participation can hold to ensure this (Crook and Manor, 1998).
Sustainability is development that satisfies the needs of the present without compromising the capacity of future generations, guaranteeing the balance between economic growth, care for the environment and social well-being. Local people participation usually increases the efficiency of development projects. Through the participation of local people in tourism development projects, the projects may have high start up costs; they will be less expensive and more sustainable in the long run.
2.2  Empirical Findings
In the research Aref (2011) examine that local people participation (decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products, restoration cleanliness and awareness) have positive relationship with dependent variable (tourism development).
Lancaster (2002) points out the importance of local people participation as follows: the approach helps the project to be sustainable as locals themselves learn how to adopt and correct changes resulting from the project ,partnership or participation helps to protect interest of the people concerned, it enhances self-respect and self-reliance among people, that is ,they are enabled to obtain and do this by themselves, locals become aware of the project implementation as they have a great store of wisdom and skills.
Chapman & Kirk (2001) found that decision-making process has significant relationship with local people participation and tourism development. Local people participation is the mechanism for active local involvement in partnership working, decision making and representation in local structures. This factor is important component for local people participation in development of tourism.
Croke, Grossman, Larreguy and Marshall (2014) designate that as per time people participation has been influential on tourism development. There also exists positive relationship between local people participation and tourism development in implementation of projects.
Maleki (1997) revealed that wide market has increases transformation of local products. Resourceful locations which can develop and market a tourism product, whether it be a special natural, historic or cultural attraction or an urban or rural destination, can take advantage of this market by attracting revenue from visitors.
Lacy et al (2002) findings illustrated that development processes (restoration, cleanliness and awareness) program has significant effect on tourism development. Local people participation in tourism development processes can support and uphold local culture, tradition, knowledge and skill, and create pride in local heritage.
Oakley (1991) suggested that people participation can lead to greater local empowerment in the form of strengthened local organizations, a greater sense of pride and the undertaking of new activities.


2.3  Summary of Literature Review
Table 2.3
2.3 Summary of Literature Review
Source
Study Topic
Objective
Research Methodology
Findings
Aref (2011)
Sense of Local and Participation for tourism Development.
To examine impact of people participation on tourism development
The study employed mixed approaches, based on 175 local people respondents. 
Local people participation (DMP,TPP,TLP,RCA) have a positive relationship with dependent variable (TD).
Chapman & Kirk, (2001)

Lessons for Local Capacity Building: A Summary of the Research Evidence.
To measure relationship of people participation on tourism development
The study employed descriptive approach
Found that decision-making process has significant relationship with local people participation and tourism development.
Croke, Grossman, Larreguy and Marshall (2014)
The effect of
education on political participation in electoral authoritarian regimes: Evidence from Zimbabwe
To measure relationship of people participation on tourism development projects.
The study employed descriptive approach
There exists positive relationship between local people participation and tourism development in implementation of projects.
Maleki
(1997)
Aspects of Tourism: Tourism and Development
To predict relationship between transformation of products and tourism development.
The study employed descriptive approach
Found that transforming local occupation into tourism products has positive and significant impact on tourism development.
Lacy et al (2002)
The Role of Arts in Promoting Tourism
To examine the people participation in promotion of arts.
Questionnaire was prepared according to which local people were interviewed and beside that observation was made.
Found that upholding local culture, tradition, and knowledge had positive and significant impact on tourism development.
Mugenda (2009)
Community Involvement
and Participation in Tourism in Tanzanian
To assess the extent of people participation in the tourism development decision-making process.
The study employed mixed approaches, based on 139 local people respondents.
Have a positive role in the tourism development decision-making process.
Sangkakorn,Suwannarat (2013)
Local People Participation in Tourism Development: The Case Study of Chiang Mai,Thailand
To participate in tourism development as planning, management process.
The study employed mixed approaches, based on 102 local people respondents.
Local people have positive concern with
tourism development.
Mugenda (2013)
Desires of Community Participation in Tourism Development Decision Making Process
To examine the people participation in tourism development decision-making process.
The study employed mixed approaches, based on 139 local people respondents.
Have a
 positive and
voice and
actively
take part
 in the decision-making process.
Mugenda (2013)
The Role of Local Communities in Tourism Development:
Grassroots Perspectives from Tanzania
To examine local people views on their role in tourism development.
The study employed mixed approaches, based on 139 local people respondents.
Have a
positive
voice in
development
 issues.
Table 2.3 shows the summary of literature review. Studying the different literature regarding local people participation tourisms development in specific and particular areas, almost the research report findings have concluded the following. The study conducted by Chapman & Kirk, (2001) had significant impact of people participation in tourism development of Edinburgh, Scotland. The study of Aref (2011) had concluded that people participation has positive relationship with tourism development. The study conducted by Croke, Grossman, Larreguy and Marshall (2014) who found that people participation had positive and significant impact on tourism development. The study conducted by Maleki (1997) who have found that transforming local occupation into tourism products had positive and significant impact on tourism development. The study conducted by Lacy et al (2002), who found that upholding local culture, tradition, and knowledge had positive and significant impact on tourism development.
The study of Chiang Mai: Local participation tourism, development has the main aim to participate in tourism development as planning, management, process and helps sustainable tourism development. The report ends local people are concerned with tourism development in their area.
The research report community involvement and participation in tourisms development in Tanzania and Desires of community participation in tourism development and decision-making process in Tanzania have similar type of objectives as examines and assesses local community people involvement and participation in tourism, development and decision making. The researchers say that local people play a vital role in decision-making, active participation and highly interested in sharing tourism benefits.
Similarly, from the report the role of local communities in tourism development which objective is to understand the community participation and examines local people’s views on their role in tourism development. This concludes that local people are needed for preparing plan and policy in benefits to stakeholder’s needs and address their issues. This shows local people have significant role in decision- making process whose voices are considered in tourism development.
The above research reports are prepared using the qualitative methodology where limited numbers of samples were taken into procedure. These are fully descriptive types of research, somehow exploratory are discussed any.


2.4 Research Gap
Based on the research study, there has not been made any research regarding impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. But very little study has been done about people participation in tourism development.
The present study basically helps to fulfill the gaps of the information and knowledge regarding what local people thinks of their role in effecting the local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
Despite significant growth in research on tourism, there are considerable gaps in the research regarding impact of local people participation in tourism development in specific area like Bhaktapur Municipality.


2.5 Theoretical Framework
Restoration, cleanliness and awareness program
Transforming local occupation into tourism products
Tourism planning and policy
Decision-making process
Local People Participation        Tourism Development in Bhaktapur Municipality
(Independent variable)                                           (Dependent variable)


Socio-cultural dimension
Economic dimension
Environmental dimension
Tourism planning and policy dimension
 











Figure 1: Theoretical framework
The figure 1 shows the theoretical framework which illustrates the relationship between independent and dependent variable used in this research. The framework on in-dependent has decision-making process, tourism planning and policy; transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program and dependent has tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The framework reflects that effects of local people participation will directly effects tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The impact in dependent variable can be observed through magnitude of independent variable.
2.6 Operational Definitions
2.6.1 Decision-Making Process
In a group (like local people), decision making is one of the most important but complex processes. The major advantages of group decision-making are the use of more information and knowledge, and a greater acceptance and legitimacy of the decision via the interaction process. Major disadvantages are a longer time period required for decision- making and the risk of group thinking. Decision-making in a group is normally based on the: Authority rule, where the leader decides most of the times; Minority rule, where two or three people are able to dominate the group into making a mutually agreeable decision; Majority rule, where formal voting may take place or members may be polled to find the majority view point (Chapman & Kirk, 2001).
2.6.2 Tourism Planning and Policy
Tourism planning involves the coordination with other government agencies to improve tourism-related infrastructure. The planning also extends to participation of the private sector, the hotels and restaurants, travel transport, and even popular outlets that can help as information centers. Tourism policy is a set of discourses, decisions, and practices driven by governments, sometimes in collaboration with private or social actors, with the intention to achieve diverse objectives related to tourism (Croke, Grossman, Larreguy and Marshall, 2014).
2.6.3 Transforming Local Occupation into Tourism Products
Ordinary and extraordinary things people do in their day-to-day lives that occupy time, modify the environment, ensure survival, maintain well-being, nurture others, contribute to society, and pass on cultural meanings and through which people develop skills, knowledge, and capacity for doing and fulfilling their potential. Transformation can increase the value of products and gets opportunities to preserve and promote their ancient skills that have been handed down generation by generations (Maleki, 1997).
2.6.4 Restoration, Cleanliness and Awareness Program
Restoration of cultural heritage focuses on protection and care of tangible cultural heritage, including artworks, architecture, archaeology, and museum collections. Conservation of cultural heritage involves protection and restoration using any methods that prove effective in keeping that property in as close to its original condition as possible for as long as possible (Lacy et al, 2002).
2.6.5 Tourisms Development in Bhaktapur Municipality
Bhaktapur Municipality is wealthy in compositional excellence, loaded up with old Hindu and Buddhist religious locales, and royal residences and yards where travelers can without much of a stretch invest days retaining the conventions and culture of the Newars. Bhaktapur Durbar ('Royal') Square was added to the rundown of World Heritage Sites by UNESCO in 1979 A.D. Sightseers from pretty much every nation of the world visit Bhaktapur to watch the old expressions and social practices. Tourists from almost every country of the world visit Bhaktapur to observe the ancient arts and cultural practices. Bhaktapur Durbar Square which is enlisted in the World Heritage, Fifty-five-window Palace, Dattatraya Temple, Nyatapole, Bhairab Temple etc are the prominent tourist spots of Bhaktapur Municipality. Ponds in municipalities, wells and alleys, clay-made goods etc. are chief attractions for the tourists. The taste of Ju-Ju Dhau (king curd), Local aila/Jaad (alcohol), and observation of pottery-art, handicrafts and other local products etc enchants a lot of tourists. A detailed master-plan for tourism development was drafted in 2067 B.S. A host of monuments like temples, religious platforms, palaces, stone taps and ponds, and a plethora of festivals, dances and praying practices together make this district a magnificent tourist hub (Shahi, 2019).


CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is the most important aspect of research work and away to systematically solve research problem in order to achieve the objectives of the study. This section discusses the study area, the selection of the sample, the collection of data, and data analysis. It is needed to adopt certain methodology which is will be explain in the following paragraphs presented below:
3.1 Research Design
A mixed research quantitative and qualitative approach was used. This research has employed a descriptive and explanatory research design to analyze impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The research applies techniques of descriptive, correlation and regression to analyze the relations between various independent and dependent variables. To achieve the requirement for a case study, the research focused on specific place of study which is Bhaktapur Municipality.
3.2 Population and Sample
The population of Bhaktapur Municipality as per 2011 A.D. population census is 83,658. ("Bhaktapur (Municipality, Nepal) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location", 2019). Among this, 150 respondents who were local people who have been living in the Bhaktapur Municipality selected as sample. The method of convenience sampling was used to collect the required data in which local people of Bhaktapur Municipality were given the questionnaire. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed among the local people of Bhaktapur Municipality of which total 150 questionnaires were collected where as 17 out of 20 sample qualitative data were collected which measures the rate responses 100 percent and 85 percent respectively.
3.3 Data Collection Procedures
For collecting data and information during the research, both primary and secondary sources are employed.
3.3.1 Primary Data Collection
In this research, primary data collection method was used. Primary data are collected directly from the respondents using questionnaire method. This primary data is used to analyze the relations between various independent and dependent variables of the research. They are relatively difficult to obtain and time consuming. The data collection phase is estimated to be spanned of total two weeks. The respondents were asked to answer question based on the 4 variables of independent variable, 4 dimensions of dependent variable and the questionnaires were close statement in 6 point Likert scale format.
3.3.2        Secondary Data Collection
Secondary data are the data already collected and organized by various scholars, writers and researchers which are published in the form of books, journals, articles etc. in printed media or also in digital media and internet. These sources are used as source of data in this research for the literature review and development of conceptual framework. Secondary data are relatively easy to obtain but the source must be reliable.
3.4 Instrumentation
The instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire checklist to gather the needed data for the impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The draft of the questionnaire was drawn out based on the researcher’s readings, previous studies, professional literature, published and unpublished thesis relevant to the study. In the preparation of the instrument, the requirements in the designing of good data collection instrument were considered. For instance, statement describing the situations or issues pertaining was toned down to accommodate the knowledge preparedness of the respondents. Close-ended options were provided to accommodate to free formatted views related to the topics. In this way, the instrument is authorized to obtain valid responses of the local people. Preference for the use of the structured questionnaire is premised on several research assumptions such as a) cost of being a least expensive means of gathering data, b) avoidance of personal bias, c) less pressure for immediate response, and giving the respondents a greater feeling of anonymity. In the end, it encouraged open responses to sensitive issues at hand. In addition the instrument was validated by few consultant and former professors before it laid.
3.4.1 Reliability Analysis
The reliability is a measure of consistency and truthfulness of instruments used in collecting data. Reliability and validity are conceptualized as trustworthiness, paradigm, rigor and quality in qualitative paradigm. Reliability test gives a clear idea if whether the used method is trustworthy or not. Although reliability cannot be calculated accurately, it can be estimated sung different types of available test measures for reliability of data. Cronbach’s Alpha was used here to test the reliability of collected data. Cronbach’s Alpha considered a good measure of reliability of data. Generally, 0.7 value of Cronbach’s Alpha is considered as an excellent and value less than 0.5 is considered unacceptable.
Table 3.4.1
Reliability Analysis
Code
Variable
Cronbach’s  Alpha
Number of item (N)
DMP
Decision-making process
                      .793
4
TPP
Tourism planning and policy
                       .755
3
TLP
Transforming local occupation into tourism products
                       .762
3
RCA
Restoration, cleanliness & awareness program
                       .643
3
TDBM
Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
                        .899              
  13                   

Overall
                       .938
26

Table 3.4.1 shows Cronbach’s Alpha of each variable of the research and overall value was calculated for the test of reliability of the data based on pilot test using 26 questions of questionnaire. Reliability test results presented in above table shows the overall value of Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.938 which is higher than 0.7.  Results of the individual shows that decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality scored above 0.9 and they are above acceptable range. This indicates that the questionnaire used for the data collection is reliable.
3.5 Data Analysis
Data analysis was performed using “IBM SPSS Statistics” software version 20 which is a commonly software in data analysis. Each data collected is entered manually to the software to organize the data. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to test the reliability of collected data. After entering all the collected data in the software, the data are categorized according to the demographic characteristics of the respondents to find out various characteristics if the respondents such as level of education, occupation age group etc.
After categorizing data into various categories according to demographic characteristics the opinion of respondents regarding the research variable are categorized and their relations are analyzed as suggested in the theoretical framework of report by using statistical techniques such as descriptive, correlation, regression etc.
Descriptive statistics such as simple frequency count, percentage, mean and standard deviation, etc. are used analyze average of different items of a single variable and their deviation from the average value.  Co-relation analysis is used to find out relation between impact of local people participation (Independent variable) and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality (Dependent variable). Multiple regressions analysis is used to analyze the effect of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality where as narrative analysis is used for qualitative data analysis.

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
The data collected from the procedure as mentioned in chapter three used for analysis and presentation. The analysis of data was performed, with help of “IBM SPSS Statistics” software version 20 and “MS-Excel”. The analysis part consists of detail of the descriptive respondent’s profile, descriptive e analysis of respondent’s answers on impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality and its correlation among the dependent and independent variable.
This section is further sub-divided into three sections. The first part detail with the respondents profile, it fives demographic information of the respondents such as age gender, education and occupation. The second part is descriptive analysis which analyzes the collected data through frequency analysis and measures of central tendency. Third, inferential analysis, which includes bivarate correlation analysis, hypothesis testing, qualitative data analysis and final part, is the discussion of result obtained through analysis as well
The main purpose of this section is to test relationship between impacts of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality along with the presence of independent variable such as decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
4.2 Demographic profile of the respondents
The respondent are categorized into various categorized according to their different demographic characteristics such as age, gender, occupation and level of education. The following information collected from the 150 respondents. The results of respondents various demographic characteristics are described below.
4.2.1 Distributions of respondents by gender
Frequency distribution by gender in the table 3 shows that out of 150 respondents, 61.3 percent i.e. 92 were male and 38.7 percent i.e. 58 were female. The result indicates that percentage of female respondents is much lower than male respondents. The major cause for this result could be the method of sampling which was chosen to be simple random sampling.
Table 4.2.1
Frequency distribution by gender
Gender
Frequency
Percent
Male
                      92
                                      61.3
Female
                      58
                                      38.7
Total
                      150
                                       100

4.2.2 Distributions of respondents by level of education
Frequency distribution by level of education in the table 4 shows that out of 150 respondents 4 percent i.e. 6 were of secondary school level, 24 percent i.e. 36 were of +2 level, 53.3 percent were of Bachelors degree level i.e. 80 and 18.7 percent were of Masters degree i.e. 28.The result indicates that percentage of Bachelors degree level is much higher than other level of education.
Table 4.2.2
Frequency distribution by level of education
Education Level
Frequency
Percent
Secondary
6
4
+2
36
24
Bachelor
80
53.3
Master
28
18.7
Total
150
100

4.2.3 Distribution of respondents by occupation
Frequency distribution by occupation in the table 4.2.3 shows that out of 150 respondents.14 percent i.e. 21 were students.7.3 percent i.e. 11 were teachers.8 percent i.e. 12 were business man.34.7 percent i.e. 52 were private job holder.21.3 percent i.e. 32 were self-employed. 11.3 percent i.e. 17 were from others business.
Table 4.2.3
Frequency distribution by occupation
Occupation
           Frequency
Percent
Students
21
14
Teachers
11
7.3
Business
12
8
Government Job
5
3.3
Private Job
52
34.7
Self-Employed
32
21.3
Others
17
11.3
Total
150
100

4.2.4 Distributions of respondents according to age group
Frequency distribution by occupation in the table 4.2.4 shows that out of 150 respondents.40 percent i.e. 60 were of 26-35 age group,36 percent i.e. 54 were of below 25 age group,20 percent i.e. 30 were of 36-50 age group and 4 percent i.e. 6 were of above 51 age group.
Table 4.2.4
Frequency distribution by age group
Age Group
           Frequency
                                        Percent
Below 25
54
36
26 to 35
60
40
36 to 50
30
20
Above 51
6
    4
Total
150
100
4.3 Descriptive Statistics
It is used to analyze the data collection from the respondents. The data for research was collected with the help of a questionnaire based on 6 point rating scale ranging from 1-strongly disagree to 6-strongly agree. The rating point scale ranges from 1-6 as follows: 1-Strongly Disagree, 2-Disagree, 3-Slightly Disagree, 4-Slighly Agree, 5-Agree and 6- Strongly Agree.
The questionnaire contains with 26 opinion statements which were set to measure 4 different variables of independent variable and 4 dimensions of dependent variable.  Opinion statements were used to describe independent variable decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
Descriptive statistics uses simple statistical tools to draw summaries from a given data set. Mean and standard deviation is used here to summarize the data for each variable which were collected during the data collection period using questionnaire
4.3.1 Decision-Making Process
Table 4.3.1
Descriptive Statistics of Decision-making process
Code
Opinion statement
N
Mean
     Std. Deviation
DMP1
There is an active local people participation in tourism activities in our area.
150
4.03
      1.248

DMP2
There is mandatory voice of local people in the decision-making process in our area regarding tourism activities.
150
3.91
      1.375

DMP3
Municipality takes review from local people in decision-making process in our area regarding tourism activities.
150
3.79
      1.420

DMP4
The final decision for tourism activities that are made by Municipality in our area is always with consultation with the local people.
150
3.97
       1.519

DMP01
Decision-making process
150
3.93
       1.095


Descriptive statistics results presented in the table 4.3.1 shows the highest mean value M= 4.03 (SD= 1.248) is of “There is an active local people participation in tourism activities in our area.” which indicates most of the respondents slightly agree that there is an active local people participation in tourism activities in our area. Similarly the lowest mean value M= 3.79 (SD= 1.420) is of “Municipality takes review from local people in decision-making process in our area regarding tourism activities.” which indicates most of the respondents slightly disagree or slightly agree that the Municipality takes review from local people in decision-making process in our area regarding tourism activities but a higher standard suggests that the opinion are more dispersed.
The overall mean value of decision-making process is M= 3.93 (SD= 1.095). This indicates that impact of local people participation in decision-making process in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is slightly agreeable.
4.3.2 Tourism Planning and Policy
Table 4.3.2
Descriptive Statistics of Tourism planning and policy
Code
Opinion statement
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
TPP1
There is co-ordination between Municipality and local people to make tourism planning and policy in our area regarding tourism activities.
150
3.94
1.362
TPP2
Municipality counsel with local people in our area in formulating tourism planning and policy regarding tourism activities.
150
3.99
1.424
TPP3
There is an active local people participation in our area in implementing tourism planning and policy regarding tourism activities.
150
4.04
1.336
TPP01
Tourism planning and policy
150
3.99
1.126

Descriptive statistics results presented in the table 4.3.2 shows the highest mean value M= 4.04 (SD=1.336) is of “There is an active local people participation in our area in implementing tourism planning and policy regarding tourism activities.” which indicates most of the respondents slightly agree that there is an active local people participation in our area in implementing tourism planning and policy regarding tourism activities. Similarly the lowest mean value M= 3.94 (SD= 1.362) is of “There is co-ordination between Municipality and local people to make tourism planning and policy in our area regarding tourism activities.” which indicates most of the respondents slightly disagree or slightly agree that the there is co-ordination between Municipality and local people to make tourism planning and policy in our area regarding tourism activities but a higher standard suggests that the opinion are more dispersed.
The overall mean value of tourism planning and policy is M= 3.99 (SD= 1.126).This indicates that impact of local people participation in tourism planning and policy in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is slightly agreeable.
4.3.3 Transforming Local Occupation into Tourism Products
Table 4.3.3
Descriptive Statistics of Transforming local occupation into tourism products
Code
Opinion statement
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
TLP1
Local occupations are in synergy with the tourism activities.
150
4.39
1.129
TLP2
There is transformation of local occupation into tourism business in our area.
150
4.53
1.115
TLP3
There are more values to our local products in our area due to tourism activities.
150
4.75
1.341

TLP01
Transforming local occupation into tourism products
150
4.56
.987

Descriptive statistics results presented in the table 4.3.2 shows the highest mean value  M= 4.75 (SD= 1.341) is of “There are more values to our local products in our area due to tourism activities.” with standard deviation which indicates most of the respondents slightly agree There are more values to our local products in our area due to tourism activities. Similarly the lowest value of mean is M= 3.39 (SD= 1.129) is of “Local occupations are in synergy with the tourism activities.” which indicates most of the respondents slightly disagree or slightly agree that the local occupations are in synergy with the tourism activities but a higher standard suggests that the opinions are more dispersed
The overall mean value of transforming local occupation into tourism products is M= 4.56 (SD= .0987).This indicates that impact of local people participation in transforming local occupation into tourism products in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is slightly agreeable.


4.3.4 Restoration, Cleanliness & Awareness Program
Table 4.3.4
Descriptive Statistics of Restoration, cleanliness & awareness program
Code
Opinion statement
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
RCA1
Our cultural heritages are restored in our area.
150
5.03
1.016
RCA2
Awareness program related to tourism are frequently conducted in our area.
150
4.25
1.188
RCA3
Awareness program related to cleanliness are frequently conducted in our area.
150
4.81
1.271
RCA01
Restoration, cleanliness & awareness program
150
4.70
.889

Descriptive statistics results presented in the table 4.3.4 shows the highest mean value M= 5.03 (SD= 1.016) is of “Our cultural heritages are restored in our area.” which indicates most of the respondents agree that our cultural heritages are restored in our area. Similarly the lowest mean value M= 4.81 (SD= 1.271) is of “Awareness program related to cleanliness are frequently conducted in our area.” with standard deviation which indicates most of the respondents slightly agree that awareness program related to cleanliness are frequently conducted in our area but a higher standard suggests that the opinion are more dispersed.
The overall mean value of restoration, cleanliness & awareness program is M= 4.70 (SD=0.889).This indicates that impact of local people participation in restoration, cleanliness & awareness program in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is slightly agreeable.






4.3.5 Tourism Development in Bhaktapur Municipality
Table 4.3.5
Descriptive Statistics of Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
Code
Opinion statement
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Socio-cultural (SCD01)
Tourism activities in our area have preserved our cultural heritages facilities.
150
4.90
1.110

Tourism activities in our area have increased community
150
4.59
1.182

Tourism activities in our area have increased local awareness.
150
4.47
1.091

Tourism activities in our area have broadened outlook about tourism
150
4.65
1.043
Economic (ED01)
Tourism activities in our area have flourished local business.
150
4.75
1.106

Tourism activities in our area have increased local jobs.
150
4.91
1.038

Tourism activities in our area have increased sales of local products which have increased our local income.
150
4.91
1.129
Environment (END01)
Tourism activities do not have negative environmental concerns in our area.
150
4.04
1.423

Tourism activities in our area have helped us in preserving our local environment.
150
4.55
1.090

Tourism activities in our area have created eco-friendly environment.
150
4.51
1.145
Tourism planning and policy
(TPD01)
Tourism activities in our area have increased local people active participation in tourism planning and policy.
150
4.08
1.207

Tourism activities in our area have increased counseling with local people while creating tourism planning and policy.
150
4
1.215

Tourism activities in our area have formulated effective tourism planning and policy.
150
4.29
1.217
TDBM.CF02
Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
150
4.50
.779

Descriptive statistics results presented in the table 4.3.5 shows the highest mean value M= 4.91 (SD= 1.038 and 1.129) is of “Tourism activities in our area have increased local jobs and Tourism activities in our area have increased sales of local products which have increased our local income.” which indicates most of the respondents slightly agree tourism activities in our area have increased local jobs and tourism activities in our area have increased sales of local products which have increased our local income respectively. Similarly the lowest mean value M= 4 (SD= 1.215) is of “Tourism activities in our area have increased counseling with local people while creating tourism planning and policy.” which indicates most of the respondents slightly agree that tourism activities in our area have increased counseling with local people while creating tourism planning and policy but a higher standard suggests that the opinion are more dispersed.
The overall mean value of tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is M= 4.50 (SD= 0.779).This indicates that tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is good and most of respondents slightly agree.
4.4 Correlation Analysis of Variables
This shows the correlation coefficient and significance value to find out the relationship between tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality (dependent variable) and  the independent variable includes “Decision-making process, Tourism planning and policy, Transforming local occupation into tourism products and Restoration, cleanliness & awareness program”. The coefficient shows the magnitude and direction of the relationship, whether it is strong weak positive or negative. The higher values the stronger the relationship. The sign also shows the direction of the relationship i.e. the positive sigh shows a positive relationship and the negative show the opposite. All the independent and dependent variable are measured by the Likert scale.
Table 4.4
Correlations between Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality and Independent Variables
S.N
Independent
variables

Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
1
Decision-making process (DMP01)
Pearson Correlation
.571**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
150
2
Tourism planning and policy (TPP01)
Pearson Correlation
.679**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
150
3
Transforming local occupation into tourism products (TLP01)
Pearson Correlation
.668**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
150
4
Restoration, cleanliness & awareness program  (RCA01)
Pearson Correlation
.660**
Sig. (2-tailed)
.000
N
150
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 4.4 presents the correlation coefficient of Tourism Development in Bhaktapur Municipality and independent variable.
The correlation coefficient between independent variable decision-making process and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is r = 0.571, and significance p-value is 0.000, which implies that there is positively correlation between these two variables. Further, this value indicates that there is positively correlation between independent variable decision-making process and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The correlation is significant at 1 % level of significance as p-value is less than alpha 0.000 < 0.01.
The correlation analysis results presented in table 4.4 shows that Pearson correlation coefficient between independent variable tourism planning and policy and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is r = 0.679 and significance value is 0.000, which implies that the two variables are positively correlated. Further, this value indicates that there is moderate correlation between independent variable tourism planning and policy and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The correlation is significant at 1 % level of significance as p-value is less than alpha 0.000 < 0.01.
The correlation analysis results presented in table 4.4 shows that Pearson correlation coefficient between independent variable transforming local occupation into tourism products and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is r = 0.668, and significance value is 0.000,which implies that the two variables are positively correlated. Further, this value indicates that there is moderate correlation between independent variable transforming local occupation into tourism products and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The correlation is significant at 1 % level of significance as p-value is less than alpha 0.000 < 0.01.
The correlation analysis results presented in table 4.4 shows that Pearson correlation coefficient between independent variable restoration, cleanliness & awareness program and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is r = 0.660 and significance value is 0.000,  which implies that the two variables are positively correlated. Further, this value indicates that there is moderate correlation between independent variable restoration, cleanliness & awareness program in tourism and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The correlation is significant at 1 % level of significance as p-value is less than alpha .000 < 0.01.
4.5 Regression Analysis
Multiple regressions analysis is used to analyze the impact of multiple independent variables on single dependent variable. The multiple regressions analysis is used to analyze the impact of various independent variable of the impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. Multiple regressions analysis is used to analyze the effect of perceived risk on the relationship between decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
4.5.1 Regression analysis of Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
Table 4.5.1
Regression analysis between tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality and explanatory variables
Model Summary
Model
R
R Square
Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the Estimate
1
.796a
.634
.624
.47790
a.       Predictors: (Constant), Restoration, cleanliness & awareness program, Decision-making process, Transforming local occupation into tourism products, Tourism planning and policy.
b.      Dependent Variable: Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
The table 4.5.1 shows that the total variation of tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality (TDBM.CF02) that explained by decision-making process (DMP01), tourism planning and policy (TPP01), transforming local occupation into tourism products (TLP01) and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program (RCA01).
The value of coefficient multiple determination squaring R (R2) is 0.634. It implies that the independent variable together explain by 63.4% in the variation of Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality at 95% confident interval. The chance of error of the estimate is 0.47790.
The finding of the coefficient of multiple determinations R square show that 63.4% changes in tourism development of impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality by restoration, cleanliness & awareness program, decision-making process, transforming local occupation into tourism products, tourism planning and policy and remaining 36.6% contributes by other quantitative and qualitative factors. R is the correlation coefficient which shows the relationship between the dependent and independent variable.
In finding the above table 4.5.1 shows that there is significant positive relationship between the dependent and independent variables as shown by 0.796.


Table 4.5.2
ANOVAa  Goodness of fit of Regression

Model
Sum of Squares
df
Mean Square
F
Sig.
1
Regression
57.286
4
14.322
62.707
.000b

Residual
33.116
145
.228



Total
90.403
149



a. Dependent Variable: Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
b. Predictors: (Constant), Restoration, cleanliness & awareness program, Decision-making process, Transforming local occupation into tourism products, Tourism planning and policy
In table 4.5.2 a multiple regression was performed between tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality (TDBM.CF02) as dependent variable and decision-making process (DMP01), tourism planning and policy (TPP01), transforming local occupation into tourism products (TLP01) and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program (RCA01) as independent variables.
 The adjusted squared multiple correlation was significantly different from zero (62.707, p > 0.000) and 36.6 % of the variation in the dependent variable was explained by the set of independent variables. All the independent variables decision-making process (t= 0.294, p= 0.769), tourism planning and policy (t=3.538, p=0.001), transforming local occupation into tourism products (t=4.827, p=0.000), restoration, cleanliness & awareness program (t=4.757, p=0.000) were found to be uniquely and significantly contribute to the prediction of tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
The regression result for independent effect of decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program on tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is shown in the table below:


Table 4.5.3
Coefficientsa   re Regression result for independent effect on Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality


Unstandardized Coefficients

Standardized Coefficients



Model
B
Std. Error
B
t
Sig.
1
(Constant)
1.196
.228

5.238
.000

Decision-making process (DMP01)
.017
.057
.024
.294
.769

Tourism planning and policy (TPP01)
.212
.060
.307
3.538
.001

Transforming local occupation into tourism products
(TLP01)
.248
.051
.315
4.827
.000

Restoration, cleanliness & awareness program (RCA01)
.268
.056
.306
4.757
.000
a. Dependent Variable: Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality (TDBM.CF02)
From the table 4.5.3 analyses, the value of constant is 1.196 from the information the regression equation can be produce.
TDBM.CF02 = 1.196 + 0.017 DMP01+ 0.212 TPP01+ 0.248 TLP01+ 0.268 RCA01
From the coefficient table the regression coefficient of DMP01, TPP01, TLP01 and RCA01 are, 0.017, 0.212, 0.248 and 0.268 respectively which indicates that 1 unit increment in DMP01 leads to increase 0.017 in TDBM.CF02. 1 unit increment in TPP01 leads to increase 0.212 in TDBM.CF02. 1 unit increment in TLP01 leads to increase 0.248 in TDBM.CF02. 1 unit increment in RCA01 leads to increase 0.268 in TDBM.CF02 of impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
From the above finding there is positive relationship between dependent variable and independent variable. The study further revealed that the p-value was less than 0.001.
4.6 Hypothesis Testing
H1: There is positive effect of local people participation in decision-making process in tourism development.
Results presented in table 4.5.3 shows the regression result for independent effect on tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality i.e. decision-making process effect on tourism development is p-value = 0.769.The effect of decision-making process on tourism development was found to be statically insignificant. Hence, H1 is not accepted.
H2: There is positive effect of local people participation in tourism policy and planning in tourism development.
Results presented in table 4.5.3 shows the regression result for independent effect on tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality i.e. tourism policy and planning on tourism development is p-value = 0.001.The effect of tourism policy and planning on tourism development was found to be statically significant. Hence, H2 is accepted.
H3: There is positive effect of local people participation in transforming local products into tourism products in tourism development.
Results presented in table 4.5.3  shows the regression result for independent effect on tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality i.e. transforming local products into tourism products on tourism development is p-value = 0.000.The effect of transforming local products into tourism products on tourism development was found to be statically significant.Hence,H3 is accepted.
H4: There is positive effect of local people participation in restoration, cleanliness and awareness program in tourism development.
Results presented in table 4.5.3 shows the regression result for independent effect on tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality i.e. restoration, cleanliness and awareness program and tourism development is p-value = 0.000.The effect of cleanliness and awareness on local people participation was found to be statically significant. Hence, H4 is accepted.
4.7 Qualitative Data Analysis
For this research study structure interview was used for the collection of opinion and perception of stakeholders regarding about impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. Out of 20 interview sample 17 interview samples were collected. It contains 9 questions with mixed theme which is described below:
Theme 1: Perception
It is the way in which something is regarded, understood, or interpreted. Each individual has its own perception regarding in same topic. According to interview the statements of respondents regarding about perception on overall tourism development in our area are.
“Tourism development is in progressive form”
 “Comparatively developing than other others industry”
“Better than past few years”
This shows that there is positive perception about overall tourism development in Bhaktapur municipality it is because tourism has been emerging industry at current period of time.
Theme 2: Sustainable tourism
It is type of tourism industry committed to making a low impact on the environment and local culture, while helping to generate future employment for local people. According to interview the statements of respondents regarding about ideas to make sustainable tourism in our area are.
“Collaboration between tourism organization and local people for common goals”
“Preservation and restoration of cultural heritages and traditions”
“Pre-vocational school and entrepreneurial training through the use of locally available resources”
This shows that to make sustainable tourism in Bhaktapur municipality there is a need of local people participation binding hand together with tourism organizations for common goals. Culture heritage are the main attraction of Bhaktapur municipality for its longevity it requires preservation and restoration of cultural heritages and traditions. There must be pre-vocational institutes and entrepreneurial training through the use of locally available resources
Theme 3: Impact of local people in development of tourism
Impact could be either positive or negative the results are based upon the activities of human being and exploitation of resources. According to interview the statements of respondents regarding perception about impact of local people in development of tourism area are.
“Active participation of local people in development of tourism”
“Cultural heritages arts and traditions has been persevered”
“Local products have been flourished”
This shows that there is a positive impact of local people in development of tourism it is because there is an active local people participation in any development project conducted in Bhaktapur municipality. Cultural has been preserved due its importance for the development of tourism and local products have been transformed as tourism products due to the positive impacts of local people in development of tourism.
Theme 4: Awareness
Providing or sharing knowledge about something form which can be aware about something from it impacts. According to interview the statements of respondents regarding is there enough awareness that is being carried out by municipality as well as tourism organization to aware local people about tourism in our area are.
“Very few awareness program regarding tourism”
“We BTDC are also trying our best but not enough”
“Not so much, municipality or tourism organization have-not done as much as they could should have”
This shows that there is a lack of awareness program. Municipality as well as tourism organization should carry enough awareness to aware local people about tourism for the betterment for all so that everyone can take advantages being aware about tourism and its importance.
Theme 5: Tourism activities for tourism development and Activities to include local people in tourism.
Tourism related activity which generally support for the development of it. According to interview the statements of respondents regarding tourism activities there for tourism development in our area activities to include local people in tourism are.
Establishment of hotel, entrepreneurial training and local tourist guide training”
“Timely renovation, preservation and cleanliness of heritages”
“Promotion of local products, festival, cultural, traditions and resources”
This shows that there are numerous activities that helps in development of tourism among them establishment of hotel, providing entrepreneurial training and local tourist guide training to local people, timely renovation, preservation and cleanliness of heritages as well as promotion of local products, festival, cultural, traditions and resources etc can be the tourism activities for tourism development and activities to include local people in tourism.
Theme 6: Localized local products as tourism products
Things which are made using locally available products generally can be a one of the attractive products for tourist. According to interview the statements of respondents regarding opportunities for extended localized local products as tourism products in the future are.
“Preserve identification and production of local products”
“Being authentic products it can attract tourist”
“A local product reflects culture of particular area. Their originality with certain modification can bring better opportunities”
This shows that there is a positive future for local products in extending localized local products as tourism products in availability of desirable market.Extending local products preservation of identification and production of local products takes place as well as local income rises which leads to have better life.
Theme 7: Reaction of local people.
The inner feeling usually shows by individual after consumption of goods which could be either positive or negative. According to interview the statements of respondents regarding the reactions of local people in our area regarding tourism development are.
“Seems good because perception of local people towards tourism has been changed than before”
Overall there is a positive reaction of local people regarding tourism development in Bhaktapur municipality.
4.8 Major Findings
The keys finding of the study are summarized follow:
1. The Cronbach‘s Alpha value is 0.938 which show that the questionnaire used for the data collection is reliable.
2. Out of total 150 respondents, 61.3 percent i.e. 92 were male and remaining 38.7 i.e. 58 were female.
3. The majority of respondents 53.3 percent have completed bachelor’s degree, 18.7 percent have completed out Masters degree, 4 percent have completed secondary school level, 24 percent have completed +2 level.
4. The majority of respondents 34.7 percent were private job employee i.e. 52, 14 percent i.e. were students.7.3 percent i.e. 11 were teachers.8 percent i.e. 12 were business man.3.3 percent i.e. 5 were government employee,21.3 percent i.e. 32 were self-employed. 11.3 percent i.e. 17 were from others business.
5. The majority of respondents 40 percent i.e. 60 were of 26-35 age group,36 percent i.e. 54 were of below 25 age group,20 percent i.e. 30 were of 36-50 age group and 4 percent i.e. 6 were of above 51 age group.
6. The mean value of decision-making process is M= 3.93 (SD = 1.095). This indicates that impact of local people participation in decision-making process in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is slightly agreeable.
7. The mean value of tourism planning and policy is M= 3.99 (SD= 1.126).This indicates that impact of local people participation in tourism planning and policy in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is slightly agreeable.
8. The mean value of transforming local occupation into tourism products is M= 4.56 (SD= .0987).This indicates that impact of local people participation in transforming local occupation into tourism products in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is slightly agreeable.
9. The overall mean value of restoration, cleanliness & awareness program is M= 4.70 (SD=0.889).This indicates that impact of local people participation in restoration, cleanliness & awareness program in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is slightly agreeable
10. The mean value of tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is M= 4.50 (SD= 0.779).This indicates that tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is good and most of respondents slightly agree it.
11. The r value of decision-making process and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is 0.571, which indicates that there is moderate uphill positive relationship. P-value generated is 0.000 which indicates decision-making process and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality has statically significant association at 1 percent level of significance. Greater the decision-making process, higher tourism development in Bhaktapur
12. The r value of tourism planning and policy and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is 0.679 which indicates that there is moderate uphill positive relationship. P-value generated is 0.000 which indicates tourism planning and policy and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality has statically significant association at 1 percent level of significance. Greater the tourism planning and policy, higher tourism development in Bhaktapur
13. The r value of transforming local occupation into tourism products and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is 0.668, which indicates that there is moderate uphill positive relationship. P-value generated is 0.000 which indicates transforming local occupation into tourism products and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality has statically significant association at 1 percent level of significance. Greater the transforming local occupation into tourism products, higher tourism development in Bhaktapur.
14. The r value of restoration, cleanliness & awareness program and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is 0.660, which indicates that there is moderate uphill positive relationship. P-value generated is 0.000 which indicates restoration, cleanliness & awareness program and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality has statically significant association at 1 percent level of significance. Greater the restoration, cleanliness & awareness program, higher tourism development in Bhaktapur.
15. Hypothesis 1 was not accepted. The result showed that the effect of decision-making process on tourism development was found to be statically insignificant.
16. Hypothesis 2 was accepted. The result showed that the effect of tourism planning and policy and tourism development on tourism development was found to be statically significant.
17. Hypothesis 3 was accepted. The result showed that the effect of transforming local occupation into tourism products on tourism development was found to be statically significant.
18. Hypothesis 4 was accepted. The result showed that the effect of restoration, cleanliness & awareness program into tourism products on tourism development was found to be statically significant.

4.9 Discussion
The main purpose of the study was to analyze the impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The findings showed that there is a positive and significant impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality which states that higher local people participation in tourism, higher the tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality and vice versa.
The study depicted that decision making process had positive and insignificant impact on tourism development. Local people participation is the mechanism for active local involvement in partnership working, decision making and representation in local structures where as passive people participation leads to downhill of decision making process. The result of the research is inconsistent with the different other research conducted in various part of world. The study conducted by Chapman & Kirk, (2001) had significant impact of people participation in tourism development of Edinburgh, Scotland. The study of Aref (2011) had concluded that people participation is positively correlated with tourism development.
Tourism policy and planning in this research had positive and significant impact on tourism development. People participation encourages governments to be accountable and also enables locals to be involved in the planning and implementation of projects in their respective areas. This result is consistent with findings of other researcher Croke, Grossman, Larreguy and Marshall (2014) who found that people participation had positive and significant impact on tourism development.
Transforming local occupation into tourism products had positive and significant impact on tourism development. The more local products are market the more tourism development pace takes place by attracting revenue from visitors. This result is consistent with the results of Maleki (1997) who have found that transforming local occupation into tourism products had positive and significant impact on tourism development. Restoration, cleanliness and awareness program in this research had positive and significant relationship on tourism development. Local people participation in tourism development processes can support and uphold local culture, tradition, knowledge and skill, and create pride in local heritage. This result is consistent with the findings of researcher Lacy et al (2002), who found that upholding local culture, tradition, and knowledge had positive and significant impact on tourism development. Therefore, the findings of this research show both consistent and contrast with literature review.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
5.1 Summary
With all reference to the data, research and analysis of the Bhaktapur Municipality we came to point that local people participation and tourism development are parallel. Without one the other is very hard to take and for the satisfaction all the people of the community and the area should give equal hand. It cannot be only fulfilled by the local government authority neither only by the local people. All of them should try to contribute for the upliftment of destination clean and healthy both physically as well as mentally (Shahi, 2019).
This study trying to give answered of some research question i.e. is there any participation of local people in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality? What is the context of tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality? What is the effect of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality? What factors of local people participation effect the tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality? These questions are necessary to fulfill objectives (to examine the status of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality, to examine the status of tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality, to analyze the effect of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality) of the research.
This research has provided information mainly on impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality in different factors like decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness and awareness program. For the purpose of the study observation, questionnaire and interviews were adopted, to collect qualitative and quantitative data. This is a descriptive and explanatory study and so it has followed both of these two types of research design. This methods and techniques incorporate from questionnaire survey to key informant’s interview.  Convenient sampling method was used to collect the data. The questionnaire was created and divided into two parts; there were altogether 31 questions. First part consist of  5 questions with motive to collect respondents demographic and second part consist of 26 opinions statement to collect respondents view on 6 point based rating scale ranging from 1- strongly disagree to 6- strongly agree. Total 150 questionnaires was prepared and distributed to collect the information about impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality in 6 point Likert scale format.
Primary data collection method was used for this research, survey questionnaire method was used. Questionnaire was handed through delivery and collection method which belongs to the category of self admires questionnaire. Delivery and collection of questionnaire allow research to confirm that the questionnaires were filled up completely and reduce the occurrence of missing data.
Data analysis was performed using IBM SPPS Statistic, software version 20 which is commonly used software in data analysis. Each collected data is entered manually to the software to organize the data. Cronbach’s alpha was used to test the reliability of collected data. After entering all the collect data in the software, the data are categorized according to various demographic characteristic of the respondents to find our various characteristic of the respondent such as age, gender and education etc.
In this research, the independent variables are decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality as dependent variable. Qualitative analysis is used to analyze the perception and opinion of stakeholders. Pearson matrix is used for showing positive relations between independent and dependent variable. Multiple regression analysis is uses to analyze the effect of multiple independent variables on single dependent variable. Thus, multiple regressions were used to analyze the effect of various independent variable of local people participation on tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality which has positive relationship.
In a nutshell, local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality has positive and significant with factors like decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program.
5.2 Conclusion
The main purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The questionnaire survey was carried out among the local people of Bhaktapur Municipality. The conceptual frame work developed from the literature review. This search has used 4 independent variables decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program to analyze the impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
There is a positive impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality and play important role in all contexts or dimension for the development of tourism. Tourism development is generating sizeable amount of revenue and local employment as well as promotion of local products has created market for local handicrafts and gift items. With it the local traditional craft and craftsmen are getting opportunities to preserve and promote their ancient skills that have been handed down generation by generations. But still the full tourism potential of Bhaktapur has not been utilized properly because the average number of days spent by tourists is very low. This can be extended by introducing new activities such as visiting manufactures area for observing production of Ju-Ju Dhau (king curd), Local aila/Jaad (alcohol), pottery, handicrafts and other local products etc which is made from locally available resources. Bhaktapur Municipality has tremendous tourism potential.
Places beside the main Durbar Square should be explored and publicized as per its specialty through proper modes of promotion. Introduction of new tourism activities as well as designing new itinerary can contribute in increasing the length of tourist stay in Bhaktapur Municipality. Major share of money is being drained out of the local economy through beverages and soft drink items. Complete replacement of the beverages and soft drinks item isn’t possible, but accommodation establishments and restaurants can still reduce beverage consumption by promoting local alternative products like Ju-Ju Dhau (Curd), Local aila/Jaad (alcohol), fruit juices etc. Bigger restaurants must promote local products; this will help in reducing the amount of money diverted away from Bhaktapur Municipality. Through the use of local food, the agriculture sector can grow to the extent of creating jobs and contributing in the rise of total revenue. Bhaktapur Municipality is the cultural and historical city here cultural tourism can be experience throughout the year therefore Bhaktapur Municipality should restore, clean and maintenance of temples as per need for the preservation of cultural heritages as well as should develop proper tourism planning and policy coordinating with local people for the betterment of both local people and tourists who visit over here. It may not bring valuable foreign currency, but certainly will create more employment opportunities leading to the increase in tax revenue from economic activity.
 Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality has preserved the cultural heritage’s and has created up various opportunities for the locals ranging from creation of tourism market for local traditional crafts to part–time jobs for students. Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality has generated a lot of direct and secondary employments, and stimulated the local economy through income and employment multiplier effect (Shahi, 2019).
The literature review provides useful insight about the independent variables and dependent variable. According to the finding of this study, the impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is positive. In others word, development of tourism in Bhaktapur is accepted by all the local people and the impacts caused by various independent variable as also accepted. More over the impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is for the betterment of local people living in this municipality.
5.3 Implications
Bhaktapur Municipality has been doing a lot in developing tourism by preserving historic monuments/cultural heritage collaborating with local people. The findings of the study contribute to municipality local people, academicians and researchers. The findings indicated that decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program had significant impact on tourism development in Bhaktapur municipality.
The findings of the study concluded that local people participation is crucial for tourism development. Hence, municipality should focus on local people participation factors to enhance tourism development. Many implications of this research can be illustrated in boarder senses and also further researches in future for more in depth understanding of the related subject.
The study report can be helpful in preserving cultural, norms and values of ancient culture. Local people participation benefits the local tourism organizations introducing the opportunities such as requirements of quality man-power, physical and securities facilities regarding tourism promotion and development. Likewise the new emerging concept of home stay, traditional-based institution has been arises for the development of tourism. For local people this report aware that each and every locality is equally importance in tourism prospective due to its own specialty. They can engage in technical skills and effective awareness campaign. They can involve in local entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship for community prosperity through development of tourism. Others, local government of various areas can apply through subsidizing or supporting needful cultural organization for their local tourism development.
5.3.1 Implications for the Future Research
Every research has its own limitation and this limitation always pave the way for further study and new finding on the similar field of study. Following are few implications for the future researches:
1.      The future research should not limit to Bhaktapur Municipality only and it should cover others remaining Municipality of Bhaktapur district.
2.      This research has limited the research on the local people participation. Therefore it is encouraged to research the others factors for the local people participation beyond the factors included in this report.
3.      This research has highlight impact of people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. So future research could be conducted on impact of tourism in Bhaktapur Municipality.
4.      Future research could be conducted on satisfaction level of local people from the development of tourism because this research has not investigated about local people satisfaction level.
5.      Future research could be conducted on tourist satisfaction level on their visit to Bhaktapur Municipality because this research has not investigated about tourist satisfaction level.
6.      Another future research could be conducted on typical specific local products of Bhaktapur Municipality.
7.      Additional academic research could be conducted with wider variety of socio-cultural, more sample size and making it a blend of qualitative and quantitative approaches of the research.
8.      Lastly, potentiality of tourism in Bhaktapur district could be another future research because this research hasn’t investigated about potential of tourism in Bhaktapur district.

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