INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Local people participation is viewed as
one of the foundations for good administration which prompts advancement. It
upgrades responsibility, straightforwardness and guarantee manageability of
improvement activities. As far back as the prosperous of
the nation the legislature started changes for decentralization going for
coordinating mass individuals being developed process (
Aref,
2011).
This chapter begins by introducing a brief discussion of tourism in Bhaktapur Municipality, with a view to providing
the clear picture of advantages on living standard of local people by development
of tourism .The chapter concludes by briefly introducing the specific area Bhaktapur
Municipality and this thesis project report focuses on along with the research
questions it determines to examine.
1.1.1
Tourism
in Nepal
Nepal island of unparalleled variety and
situated between the two emerging super power India and china. Its total area
is 1, 47,181 square kilometer. It is divided into three layers Himalayan,
Mountain, Terai belt. Nepal has a different species if flora and fauna.125
languages’ and 59 ethnic groups living peace and harmony with secularism
following different religion. That mean’s Nepal is multi-cultural, multi lingual,
and multi religious nations. In spite of the presence of various religions
caste and creeds there is religious harmony and tolerances among the Nepalese
citizens (Satyal, 1998).
Unlimited potential for tourism
development exists in Nepal on account of her beauty, geographical
diversification and enrich in cultural heritages. Desire and attitudes of
people vary in nature. So, people travel from one place another for the purpose
of recreation, pleasure, study business and others miscellaneous. The activity
connected with providing accommodation, accessibility amenities attraction, and
services for people who are visiting a place for pleasure is tourism.
Tourism has got a great prospect in
Nepal due to presence of natural beauty, cultural diversity and geographical
structure, tourism has proved to be very important in Nepal. Tourism industry
has played an important role in the growth of Nepalese economy as well as
people have been aware about needs of tourism industry. It has direct effect on
socio culture; and economic life of Nepalese people. However tourism was
promulgated in Nepal only 5 decades ago. History of tourism industry in Nepal can
be traced back to the mid-20th century. Nepal was closed to foreign till
1951/1952 A.D. The door of tourism was opened in Nepal with ascent of Mount
Everest in 1953 A.D. then Nepal became opened to foreign tourist. The advent of
hippie cultures in the 60s and 70s has further helped it to growth western
aggravated by the impact of the second world war, attracted by easily available
marijuana. It was free at the time flocked to Nepal.
The tourism industry achieved next landmark for
its promotion and growth after establishment of department of tourism in 1959
A.D. by the government efforts. The tourism act is promulgated in 1964 A.D. The
effort for tourism development in Nepal continued with the design of master
plan tourism 1972 A.D. The visit Nepal year 1998 A.D. campaign has been the
land mark in the history of tourism in Nepal. The visit Nepal year was declared
throughout Nepal with various programs in January 1998 A.D. The Nepalese
tourism jumped another hurdles after establishment on Nepal tourism board.
Government is placing high priority to tourism
sector in its new economic development policy as there is s favorable situation
in the country political scenario and the government is all prepared for
economic revolution in next 10 years for the growth of the masses. In this
regard the government of Nepal has launched a national tourism campaign Nepal
tourism year 2011 A.D. With a set target at least one million international
tourists by the year 2011 A.D. With the badge of adventure destination
glittering and the adage “Atihi Devo Bhawa” Guests are Gods that reflects
“Atihi ko Satkar, Neapliko Sanskar” (Satyal, 1998).Current national tourism
campaign visit Nepal 2020 is on under process with the goals of two million
international tourist’s arrival in Nepal by 2020 A.D. and augmented economic
opportunities and increase employment opportunities in tourism sector to one
million (Nepal, 2019).
1.1.2
Tourism
in Bhaktapur Municipality
Bhaktapur is known as the 'City of
Devotees', the 'City of Culture', the 'Living Heritage', and 'Nepal's Cultural
Gem', which is around 20 km east of Kathmandu in the Kathmandu Valley, It is
one of the 3 imperial urban local in the Kathmandu Valley. The others are
Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, and Patan, Bhaktapur Municipality is loaded up
with landmarks; most earthenware with cut wood sections; royal residences and
sanctuaries with expand carvings, overlaid rooftops, and open patios. The city
is spotted with pagodas and religious hallowed places. Lying along the
antiquated exchange course among India and Tibet, Bhaktapur is encompassed by
mountains and gives a wonderful perspective of the Himalayas. A portion of the
Facts of Bhaktapur is also called Bhadgaon or Khwopa (Shahi, 2019).
Established in the twelfth century by
King Ananda Malla, Bhaktapur was the capital city of the Greater Malla Kingdom
until the fifteenth century and was an autonomous kingdom from that point until
the eighteenth century. The last three Malla leaders of Bhaktapur were
Jitamitra Malla, Bhupatindra Malla, and Ranjit Malla. These rulers assumed key
jobs in building the royal residences and sanctuaries of Durbar Square. In 1744
A.D. Prithivi Narayan Shah, descendent of Dravya Shah, who was the originator
of the Gorkha line, started a triumph walk in the Kathmandu Valley, catching
and bringing together Kathmandu, Patan, Bhaktapur, and the littler towns of the
Valley under one guideline. After a time of unsteadiness and a bleeding upset
in 1846 A.D. Jang Bahadur Kunwar Ranaji took control of Nepal. His Rana
administration ruled Nepal until 1951, when the Congress Party shaped another
legislature. In 1960 A.D. King Mahendra took control, prohibited political
gatherings, and established land changes. Political strife proceeded all
through the late twentieth century.
In 1934 A.D. a noteworthy seismic tremor decimated more than
2,000 houses and seriously harmed more than 2,000 additional homes. More than
1,000 individuals passed on in this tremor. Reclamation of numerous structures
was attempted throughout the years, including endeavors financed by West
Germany in the late 1980's and by the U.S. in the 1990's (Shahi, 2019).Bhaktapur
is loaded up with Hindu and Buddhist religious locales and craftsmanship.
Despite the fact that the populace is principally Hindu, there are nineteen
Buddhist cloisters (Vihars).At Indra Varna Madavihar, worked in 1671 A.D. and situated between Durbar Square and
Dattatraya Square, guests can see two lion statues, a Patinga Hiti (water
gush), Tantric wood-cut windows, and supplication wheels. There are likewise numerous
Buddhist landmarks and sanctuaries, including Lokeswor Mahavihar, Prasannasheel
Mahavihar, Chatu Brahma Mahavihar, Jaya Kirti Mahavihar, Sukra-varna Mahavihar,
Dipanker Mahavihar.
Tourists can watch potters make
centerpieces in the Pottery Squares. Indigenous (Newar) handiworks incorporate
paubha scroll works of art, papier-mâché veils, cotton fabric, woodcarvings,
metal work, adornments and clay items, haku-patasi (dark sari), dark tops and
Juju-dhau (yogurt).
Bhaktapur Municipality is wealthy in
compositional excellence, loaded up with old Hindu and Buddhist religious
locales, and royal residences and yards where travelers can without much of a
stretch invest days retaining the conventions and culture of the Newars.
Bhaktapur Durbar ('Royal') Square was added to the rundown of World Heritage
Sites by UNESCO in 1979 A.D. Sightseers from pretty much every nation of the
world visit Bhaktapur to watch the old expressions and social practices.
Because of the recently redesigned six-path parkway, the quantity of guests has
flooded up. Changunarayan Temple and Bhaktapur Durbar Square are enrolled in
the World Heritage. Fifty-five-window Palace, Datatraya Temple,
Nyatapole,Bhairab Temple, Suryabinayak Temple, Doleshwor Mahadev Temple and
Nagarkot are the unmistakable visitor goals of Bhaktapur. An itemized end-all
strategy for the tourism improvement was drafted in 2067 B.S. A large group of
landmarks like sanctuaries, religious stages, royal residences, stone taps and
lakes, and a plenty of celebrations, moves and supplicating rehearses together
make this locally a sublime traveler center point (Shahi, 2019).
1.2
Statement of Problem
Tourism is a dynamic, high employing
generating industry in the world and one of the major sources of substantial
foreign exchanges or earning ( Mwandosya, 2007). It is through this observation
that may people have faith that tourism is well placed as one of the major
means through which development of local people as well as society can gained (Beeton,
2006).
One approach to enhance this development
via tourism is to involve local people and ensures that their active role is
tapped and maintained thorough participation in the tourism industry (Beeton,
2006). It is the world's biggest boss and one among the significant source of
considerable local income. It is through this perception that numerous
individuals trust that the business is very much put as one of the real means
through which the improvement of locals can be accomplished. Note that
participation and involvement is key to the reasonable improvement of the
business not just in light of the fact that tourism has had a nearby
association with the local especially as hosts and aides yet additionally on the
grounds that the goals of visitors are locals and it is in the local that
tourism occurs (Blank, 1989).
Participation is a procedure through
which partners, among them the locals who are frequently the proposed
recipients of local tourism, impact and offer authority over advancement
activities and the choices and assets which influence them (Havel, 1996).Participation,
in this manner, looks for joint effort or organizations and the responsibility
important to guarantee supportability of the tourism advancement activities
(Wolfensohn, 1996). Incomprehensibly, the results of support are generally an
impression of a specific dimension of inclusion of pertinent partners in the
basic decision-making process which thusly empowers individuals to make
educated duties to a specific the tourism venture (Havel, 1996).
In the discourse on local based tourism,
many scholars have argued that local people participation/involvement in
tourism activities not only leads to getting local community support for the
industry but also acts as crucial components to achieving sustainable
development (Kibicho, 2003; Cole, 2006). Therefore, this study aim to answer
the question whether there is a significant effect of impact between the
independent variables that are decision-making process, tourism planning and
policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration,
cleanliness & awareness program and the dependent variable tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
1.3
Research Questions
In order to conduct this research the following question were developed:
1. Is
there any participation of local people in tourism development in Bhaktapur
Municipality?
2. What
is the context of tourism development in the Bhaktapur Municipality?
3. What
is the effect of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur
Municipality?
4. What
factors of local people participation effect tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality?
1.4 Research Objectives
According to the research
problems and questions, the following objectives are indentified:
1. To
examine the status of local people participation in tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality.
2. To
examine the status of tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
3. To
analyze the effect of local people participation on tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality.
1.5 Significance of Study
This study can be benefits the local
people, business operators, tourism organization, and local government as its
highlight the impact of local people participation in tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality. The factors are the independent variables such as
decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products, restoration-cleanliness & awareness
program. Moreover; this research will also serves as a future reference for
others researchers on the subject of impact of local people participation in
tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
1.6
Research Hypothesis
Based on the literature review, the
research proposes the following hypothesis to know the impact of local people participation
in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
H1: There is a positive effect of local
people participate in decision-making process in tourism development.
H2: There is a positive effect of local
people participation in tourism policy and planning in tourism development.
H3: There is a positive effect of local
people participation in transforming local products into tourism products.
H4: There is a positive effect of local
people participation in restoration, cleanliness and awareness program in
tourism development.
1.7
Research Limitations
All the research work has its own
limitations; no study can be made beyond the limitations. In this research,
following can be the limitations:
1.
The present study limited to Bhaktapur Municipality
only and it does not cover others Municipality of Bhaktapur district.
2.
All the collected information’s are based
on data collection from field survey and secondary sources where data collected
from the respondents assumed to be correct.
3.
Study must be done in a constrained
spending plan at individual costs.
4.
There might exist response bias from
respondents.
1.8 Structure of the Report
The entire research is organized into
five chapters namely introduction, literature review and theoretical framework,
research methodology, results and discussion, conclusion and implications.
Chapter
I: Introduction
The first chapter introduces with
background of the study, statement of research problems, research question and
objectives of the research, significance of the research, research hypothesis
and limitation of the research.
Chapter
II: Literature Review and Theoretical Framework
The second chapter includes the review
of journals, articles, online portable document format documents and various
other sources of information from previous studies of scholar, researchers and
writers regarding related information about the research. It consist of review
of theoretical literature (includes local people, local people participation,
tourism development, local people participation in tourism development, importance
of local people participation, usefulness of local people participation in tourism
development), empirical findings, summary of literature review, theoretical
framework and operational definitions.
Chapter
III: Research Methodology
The third chapter explains methodology
used for this research.ths chapter introduces research design, population and
sample, data collection procedures, instrumentation reliability analysis and
data analysis.
Chapter
IV Results and Discussion
This fourth chapter includes the results
and finding obtained from the data analysis. SPSS statistics software package version 20 was used
to explain the findings of this research and discussion of findings are also
done in this chapter.
Chapter
V Summary, Conclusion and Implications
This fifth chapter states about
conclusion drawn from the research, its implication and implication for the
further research.
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1
Introduction
This
chapter includes the reviews of various literatures from previous studies of
scholars, researchers and writers regarding related information about the
research. It consists of literatures about impact of local people participation
in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. Theoretical framework of
research and operational definitions of the terms related to research are also
explained later in this chapter.
2.1.1 Local
People
Most conservation literature views the ‘local’ as a
small spatial unit, homogenous social structure with shared norms and common
interest. Tourism development has noted that local is central to sustainable
tourism development, they seldom devote much attention to analyze the concept
of local or how local affects the outcome (Aref, 2011).
Local people
refer to a group of individuals living or working within the same geographic
area with some shared cultures or common interests. This geographical
definition of local is essential to understand how local development is linked
or the ability of a local to improve tourism development. However, Western et
al. (1994) argue that the definition of a ‘local’ varies with context. Given so
many definitions of local from people in a certain geographical location (Aref
et al. 2010), nature of the interactions and local characteristics, for this study
define locals as a set of multiple actors with formal and informal rules and norms
that shape their interaction in local level processes- a definition which comprise
also institutions which have much influence on local development.
2.1.2 Local People
Participation
Local people participation is a process in which
people can influence projects and decision making on issues that are relevant
to their lives and the environment they live in. By providing the public with
necessary information and allowing their voices to be heard, the quality of
plans is expected to improve with the local people’s ideas, opinions and
knowledge. It also gives the power holder a chance to assist them in
understanding the problem, the alternatives and possible opportunities. A wide
range of participatory methods has been created in different countries
throughout the world with new ways of interacting. In every project, a decision
has to be made on what kind of process should be used and at what level of the
local people participation.
The level of participation can vary. There is not
necessarily an agreed upon, appropriate level. The idea that “more
participation is better” does not always hold true because the more citizens
get involved, the more time is required on both sides. This can especially be
the case in large-scale projects in low-income communities where it may simply
not be practical or feasible for the local to spend the time required to
achieve the highest levels of participation.
Apart from the economic contribution that the local
people can accrue from tourism, their involvement in tourism development can as
well be beneficial to tourism development because they can create an “effective
environmental stewardship that builds on indigenous, local and scientific
knowledge, economic development, social empowerment, the protection of cultural
heritage and the creation of interpretive and nature-based experiences for
tourist learning and cross-cultural appreciation” development within and around
protected areas is crucial in bridging the gap between governance and use of
the resources in a tourist destination.
Local people participation in tourism development
processes can support and uphold local culture, tradition, knowledge and skill,
and create pride in local heritage (Lacy et al., 2002). The goal of local
people participation is to improve communication between stakeholders in the
interest of facilitating better decision-making and sustainable development
(Nampila, 2005). Local people participation also is the mechanism for active
local involvement in partnership working, decision making and representation in
local structures (Chapman & Kirk, 2001). It should be noted that local
people participation often means the involvement of people or local with the
government. However, this study emphasized the participation of the without
local people participation, there is obviously no partnership, no development
and no program.
Hence, lack of local people participation in decision
making to implement tourism development can lead to failure in the local
development (Miranda, 2007). Local people participation increases people’s
sense of control over issues that affect their lives and also promotes
self-confidence and self-awareness (Nampila, 2005). Levi & Litwin (1986)
also regard local people participation as the creation of a democratic system
and procedure to enable local members to become actively involved and to take
responsibility for their own development, to share equally in the fruits of
local development and to improve their decision-making power. Local people
participation provides a sense of local to take responsibility for oneself and
others, and a readiness to share and interact (Aref, 2010).
Most tourist destinations are also numerous
stakeholders with varying interests and aspects. This provides good environment
for resource use conflicts within and around tourist destinations. The
presentation of interests of the local in the tourism development agenda is a
complex issue that needs to be addressed carefully. There is unclear
description of local people’s roles and how their views are incorporated in the
whole planning and development process. While the previous study suggests a
number of roles local could take in tourism development, little emphasis has so
far been given as to how local they feel about these imposed roles. This
creates a knowledge gap regarding what local think of their role in tourism
development as opposed to the imposed roles. This is a crucial step in
development of better and holistic plan for sustainable tourism destinations.
2.1.3 Tourism
Development
Tourism development can be linked and explained better
using two concepts: sustainable tourism and sustainable development. The World
Tourism Organization defines sustainable tourism as “tourism which leads to management
of all resources in such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs can be
filled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes,
biological diversity and life supporting systems” (Shah, 2002). Therefore,
tourism development can be meaningless if it’s socio-economic and environmental
benefits do not trickle down to the local people or local. Development theory
and tourism have evolved along similar time lines since the Second World War
(Telfer, 1996). This is surprising considering tourism continues to be a
growing focus of economic development policy in many regions and nations
(Maleki, 1997).
Countries in
the world are turning to tourism as a strategy for development. Of these
worldwide arrivals 1.2 billion will be intraregional and 378 million will be
long stay travelers. Locations which can develop and market a tourism product,
whether it be a special natural, historic or cultural attraction or an urban or
rural destination, can take advantage of this market by attracting revenue from
visitors (Maleki, 1997). Tourism is being used to generate foreign exchange,
increase employment, attract development capital and promote economic
independence (Britton, 1982). Others have also suggested that tourism can be a
focus on local economic development tied into the maintenance of the
biophysical environment (Wilkinson, 1992).
2.1.4 Local People
Participation in Tourism Development
Participation is the involvement of all
local people and other stakeholders in the formation of programmes or policies
that would assist to change their local (Phiri, 2009). In addition, Croke,
Grossman, Larreguy and Marshall (2014) explain that participation is important
as it encourages governments to be accountable and also enables locals to be
involved in the planning and implementation of projects in their respective
areas. Rogoff (2011) is of the view that participation in tourism development
should be a social interaction that benefits the whole community rather than a
few individuals.
According to Mugenda (2009) local people
participation is vital in tourism management, as it empowers local members to
be involved and participate in the planning of the whole tourism development
process. Local people participation in decision making encourages people to
have confidence in the tourism industry and this improves plans, service
delivery and brings the people together as they share common goals (Muganda et
al. 2013). Local people participation is often regarded as being one of the
most fundamental tools, if tourism is to make a substantial contribution to the
national development of a country (Sebele, 2010). Furthermore, Yu et al. (2011)
add that the participation of locals at a destination in tourism development is
important for successful tourism planning and they should be enlightened about
the expected impacts from such development.
Host local perceptions and attitudes can
positively or negatively affect the tourism development process (Stronza &
Gordillo, 2008). Tosun (2006), asserts that there are three typologies of
participation; Spontaneous participation which is when the local people has
full control and authority, secondly, induced participation, which is when the
local people have a voice through an opportunity to hear and be heard meaning
that the local people has no full responsible or participation in tourism
development, they have no power to ensure that their views are taken into
consideration, often referred to as top-down approach and lastly, coercive participation,
where the local is not fully involved in decision-making but some of the
decisions are made to just appease the local members by just meeting a few
basic needs, so as to avoid socio-political risks for tourism development.
2.1.5
Importance of Local People Participation
Extensive literature search has
identified the importance of local people participation in development tourism
projects since it is broadly accepted that local people participation is one of
the key ingredients of an empowered local. But local people participation is
far more than a requirement, it is a condition for success studies have
documented that locals that engage their citizens and partners deeply in the
work of local development raise more resources, achieve more results, and
develop in more holistic and ultimately more beneficial way.
Local people participation then, is
critical to local success. It is believed that participation ensures success as
people get involved when they have a sense of ownership of project and feels
that the project meets their needs. This makes them readily oversee
construction and then take care of the facilities to ensure their
sustainability (Tacconi & Tisdell,1992).In addition it is suggested that
participation can lead to greater local empowerment in the form of strengthened
local organizations, a greater sense of pride and the undertaking of new
activities (Oakley,1991).
Lancaster (2002), points out the importance of
local people participation as follows: the approach helps the project to be
sustainable as locals themselves learn how to adopt and correct changes
resulting from the project ,partnership or participation helps to protect
interest of the people concerned, it enhances self-respect and self-reliance
among people, that is ,they are enabled to obtain and do this by themselves,
locals become aware of the project implementation as they have a great store of
wisdom and skills. They understand their local needs and the nature of new
project which they achieve. They can easily spread the new knowledge they
acquired to other locals, thus cause a rapid increase in growth of the new
idea, participation promotes a sense of ownership among the local of equipment
used in the project, and even tourism projects itself. For example, they will
protect and maintain the tourism projects through their own means like
dispensary buildings, water pumps and buildings.
2.1.6
Usefulness of Local People Participation in Tourism Development
Local people participation in tourism
development plays a crucial role in development of tourism. The following are
the argument which shows the usefulness of local people participation in
tourism development. This all-embracing term covers a wide range of benefits
which participation can bring. Participation helps to break the mentality of
dependence which characterizes much development work and instead it promotes
self-awareness and confidence, making people examine their problems and to
think positively about solutions.
Participation brings about a greater
chance that resource available to development tourism projects will be more
efficiently. Participation can, for example help reduce misunderstanding or
possible disagreements, and thus the time and energy often spent by
professional staff explaining people of a project benefits can be reduced.
Participation will also make tourism
projects more effective as instruments of development tourism projects are
invariably external mechanisms which are supposed to benefit the people of
particular area.
Participation which allows these people
to have a voice in determining objectives, to support project administration
and to make their local knowledge, skills and resources available must result
in more effective tourism projects. A major reason why many tourism projects
have not been effective objectives in the past is because local people were not
involved .Effectiveness equals the successful realization of objectives and participation
can hold to ensure this (Crook and Manor, 1998).
Sustainability is development that
satisfies the needs of the present without compromising the capacity of future
generations, guaranteeing the balance between economic growth, care for the environment
and social well-being. Local people participation usually increases the
efficiency of development projects. Through the participation of local people
in tourism development projects, the projects may have high start up costs;
they will be less expensive and more sustainable in the long run.
2.2 Empirical Findings
In the research Aref (2011) examine that
local people participation (decision-making process, tourism planning and policy,
transforming local occupation into tourism products, restoration cleanliness
and awareness) have positive relationship with dependent variable (tourism
development).
Lancaster (2002) points out the
importance of local people participation as follows: the approach helps the
project to be sustainable as locals themselves learn how to adopt and correct
changes resulting from the project ,partnership or participation helps to
protect interest of the people concerned, it enhances self-respect and
self-reliance among people, that is ,they are enabled to obtain and do this by
themselves, locals become aware of the project implementation as they have a
great store of wisdom and skills.
Chapman & Kirk (2001) found that
decision-making process has significant relationship with local people
participation and tourism development. Local people participation is the
mechanism for active local involvement in partnership working, decision making
and representation in local structures. This factor is important component for local
people participation in development of tourism.
Croke, Grossman, Larreguy and Marshall
(2014) designate that as per time people participation has been influential on
tourism development. There also exists positive relationship between local
people participation and tourism development in implementation of projects.
Maleki (1997) revealed that wide market
has increases transformation of local products. Resourceful locations which can
develop and market a tourism product, whether it be a special natural, historic
or cultural attraction or an urban or rural destination, can take advantage of
this market by attracting revenue from visitors.
Lacy et al (2002) findings illustrated
that development processes (restoration, cleanliness and awareness) program has
significant effect on tourism development. Local people participation in
tourism development processes can support and uphold local culture, tradition,
knowledge and skill, and create pride in local heritage.
Oakley (1991) suggested that people
participation can lead to greater local empowerment in the form of strengthened
local organizations, a greater sense of pride and the undertaking of new
activities.
2.3
Summary of Literature Review
Table 2.3
2.3 Summary of
Literature Review
|
Source
|
Study Topic
|
Objective
|
Research Methodology
|
Findings
|
|
Aref (2011)
|
Sense of Local and Participation for
tourism Development.
|
To examine impact of people
participation on tourism development
|
The study employed mixed approaches,
based on 175 local people respondents.
|
Local people participation
(DMP,TPP,TLP,RCA) have a positive relationship with dependent variable (TD).
|
|
Chapman & Kirk, (2001)
|
Lessons for
Local Capacity Building: A Summary of the Research Evidence.
|
To measure relationship of people
participation on tourism development
|
The study employed descriptive
approach
|
Found that decision-making process has
significant relationship with local people participation and tourism
development.
|
|
Croke, Grossman, Larreguy and Marshall
(2014)
|
The
effect of
education on political participation
in electoral authoritarian regimes: Evidence from Zimbabwe
|
To measure relationship of people
participation on tourism development projects.
|
The study employed descriptive
approach
|
There exists positive relationship
between local people participation and tourism development in implementation
of projects.
|
|
Maleki
(1997)
|
Aspects of Tourism: Tourism and
Development
|
To predict relationship between
transformation of products and tourism development.
|
The study employed descriptive
approach
|
Found that transforming local occupation
into tourism products has positive and significant impact on tourism development.
|
|
Lacy et al (2002)
|
The Role of Arts in Promoting Tourism
|
To examine the people participation in
promotion of arts.
|
Questionnaire was prepared according
to which local people were interviewed and beside that observation was made.
|
Found that upholding local culture,
tradition, and knowledge had positive and significant impact on tourism
development.
|
|
Mugenda (2009)
|
Community Involvement
and
Participation in Tourism in Tanzanian
|
To
assess the extent of people participation in the tourism development decision-making
process.
|
The study employed mixed approaches,
based on 139 local people respondents.
|
Have a positive role in the tourism
development decision-making process.
|
|
Sangkakorn,Suwannarat (2013)
|
Local People Participation in Tourism
Development: The Case Study of Chiang Mai,Thailand
|
To participate in tourism development
as planning, management process.
|
The study employed mixed approaches,
based on 102 local people respondents.
|
Local people have positive concern with
tourism development.
|
|
Mugenda (2013)
|
Desires of
Community Participation in Tourism Development Decision Making Process
|
To examine the people participation in
tourism development decision-making process.
|
The study employed mixed approaches,
based on 139 local people respondents.
|
Have
a
positive and
voice
and
actively
take
part
in the decision-making process.
|
|
Mugenda (2013)
|
The Role of Local Communities in Tourism
Development:
Grassroots
Perspectives from Tanzania
|
To examine local people views on their
role in tourism development.
|
The study employed mixed approaches,
based on 139 local people respondents.
|
Have
a
positive
voice
in
development
issues.
|
Table 2.3 shows the summary of literature review.
Studying the different literature
regarding local people participation tourisms development in specific and
particular areas, almost the research report findings have concluded the
following. The study conducted by Chapman & Kirk, (2001) had significant impact
of people participation in tourism development of Edinburgh, Scotland. The
study of Aref (2011) had concluded that people participation has positive
relationship with tourism development. The study conducted by Croke, Grossman,
Larreguy and Marshall (2014) who found that people participation had positive
and significant impact on tourism development. The study conducted by Maleki
(1997) who have found that transforming local occupation into tourism products
had positive and significant impact on tourism development. The study conducted
by Lacy et al (2002), who found that upholding local culture, tradition, and
knowledge had positive and significant impact on tourism development.
The study of Chiang Mai: Local
participation tourism, development has the main aim to participate in tourism
development as planning, management, process and helps sustainable tourism
development. The report ends local people are concerned with tourism
development in their area.
The research report community
involvement and participation in tourisms development in Tanzania and Desires
of community participation in tourism development and decision-making process
in Tanzania have similar type of objectives as examines and assesses local
community people involvement and participation in tourism, development and
decision making. The researchers say that local people play a vital role in
decision-making, active participation and highly interested in sharing tourism
benefits.
Similarly, from the report the role of
local communities in tourism development which objective is to understand the
community participation and examines local people’s views on their role in
tourism development. This concludes that local people are needed for preparing
plan and policy in benefits to stakeholder’s needs and address their issues.
This shows local people have significant role in decision- making process whose
voices are considered in tourism development.
The above research reports are prepared
using the qualitative methodology where limited numbers of samples were taken
into procedure. These are fully descriptive types of research, somehow
exploratory are discussed any.
2.4
Research Gap
Based on the research study, there has
not been made any research regarding impact of local people participation in
tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. But very little study has been
done about people participation in tourism development.
The present study basically helps to
fulfill the gaps of the information and knowledge regarding what local people
thinks of their role in effecting the local people participation in tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
Despite significant growth in research
on tourism, there are considerable gaps in the research regarding impact of
local people participation in tourism development in specific area like Bhaktapur
Municipality.
2.5
Theoretical Framework
Restoration, cleanliness and
awareness program
|
Transforming local occupation into
tourism products
|
Tourism planning and policy
|
Local People Participation Tourism Development in Bhaktapur
Municipality
(Independent variable)
(Dependent variable)
Socio-cultural dimension
Economic dimension
Environmental dimension
Tourism planning and policy
dimension
|
Figure 1: Theoretical framework
The figure 1 shows the theoretical
framework which illustrates the relationship between independent and dependent
variable used in this research. The framework on in-dependent has decision-making
process, tourism planning and policy; transforming local occupation into
tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program and
dependent has tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The framework
reflects that effects of local people participation will directly effects tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The impact in dependent variable can be
observed through magnitude of independent variable.
2.6
Operational Definitions
2.6.1
Decision-Making Process
In a group (like local people), decision
making is one of the most important but complex processes. The major advantages
of group decision-making are the use of more information and knowledge, and a
greater acceptance and legitimacy of the decision via the interaction process.
Major disadvantages are a longer time period required for decision- making and
the risk of group thinking. Decision-making in a group is normally based on
the: Authority rule, where the leader decides most of the times; Minority rule,
where two or three people are able to dominate the group into making a mutually
agreeable decision; Majority rule, where formal voting may take place or
members may be polled to find the majority view point (Chapman & Kirk,
2001).
2.6.2
Tourism Planning and Policy
Tourism planning involves the
coordination with other government agencies to improve tourism-related infrastructure.
The planning also extends to participation of the private sector, the hotels
and restaurants, travel transport, and even popular outlets that can help as
information centers. Tourism policy is a set of discourses, decisions, and
practices driven by governments, sometimes in collaboration with private or
social actors, with the intention to achieve diverse objectives related to
tourism (Croke, Grossman, Larreguy and Marshall, 2014).
2.6.3
Transforming Local Occupation into Tourism Products
Ordinary and extraordinary things people
do in their day-to-day lives that occupy time, modify the environment, ensure
survival, maintain well-being, nurture others, contribute to society, and pass
on cultural meanings and through which people develop skills, knowledge, and
capacity for doing and fulfilling their potential. Transformation can increase
the value of products and gets opportunities to preserve and promote their ancient skills
that have been handed down generation by generations (Maleki,
1997).
2.6.4
Restoration, Cleanliness and Awareness Program
Restoration of cultural heritage focuses
on protection and care of tangible cultural heritage, including artworks,
architecture, archaeology, and museum collections. Conservation of cultural
heritage involves protection and restoration using any methods that prove effective
in keeping that property in as close to its original condition as possible for
as long as possible (Lacy et al, 2002).
2.6.5
Tourisms Development in Bhaktapur Municipality
Bhaktapur Municipality is wealthy in
compositional excellence, loaded up with old Hindu and Buddhist religious
locales, and royal residences and yards where travelers can without much of a
stretch invest days retaining the conventions and culture of the Newars. Bhaktapur
Durbar ('Royal') Square was added to the rundown of World Heritage Sites by
UNESCO in 1979 A.D. Sightseers from pretty much every nation of the world visit
Bhaktapur to watch the old expressions and social practices. Tourists
from almost every country of the world visit Bhaktapur to observe the ancient
arts and cultural practices. Bhaktapur Durbar Square which is enlisted in the
World Heritage, Fifty-five-window Palace, Dattatraya Temple, Nyatapole, Bhairab
Temple etc are the prominent tourist spots of Bhaktapur Municipality. Ponds in
municipalities, wells and alleys, clay-made goods etc. are chief attractions
for the tourists. The taste of Ju-Ju Dhau (king curd), Local aila/Jaad
(alcohol), and observation of pottery-art, handicrafts and other local products
etc enchants a lot of tourists. A detailed
master-plan for tourism development was drafted in 2067 B.S. A host of
monuments like temples, religious platforms, palaces, stone taps and ponds, and
a plethora of festivals, dances and praying practices together make this
district a magnificent tourist hub (Shahi, 2019).
CHAPTER
III
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is the most
important aspect of research work and away to systematically solve research
problem in order to achieve the objectives of the study. This section discusses
the study area, the selection of the sample, the collection of data, and data
analysis. It is needed to adopt certain methodology which is will be explain in
the following paragraphs presented below:
3.1
Research Design
A mixed research
quantitative and qualitative approach was used. This research
has employed a descriptive and explanatory research design to analyze impact of
local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
The research applies techniques of descriptive, correlation and regression to
analyze the relations between various independent and dependent variables. To
achieve the requirement for a case study, the research focused on specific
place of study which is Bhaktapur Municipality.
3.2
Population and Sample
The population of Bhaktapur Municipality
as per 2011 A.D. population census is 83,658. ("Bhaktapur (Municipality, Nepal) - Population
Statistics, Charts, Map and Location", 2019). Among this, 150 respondents
who were local people who have been living in the Bhaktapur Municipality
selected as sample. The method of convenience sampling was used to collect the
required data in which local people of Bhaktapur Municipality were given the
questionnaire. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed among the local
people of Bhaktapur Municipality of which total 150 questionnaires were
collected where as 17 out of 20 sample qualitative data were collected which
measures the rate responses 100 percent and 85 percent respectively.
3.3
Data Collection Procedures
For
collecting data and information during the research, both primary and secondary
sources are employed.
3.3.1
Primary Data Collection
In
this research, primary data collection method was used. Primary data are
collected directly from the respondents using questionnaire method. This
primary data is used to analyze the relations between various independent and
dependent variables of the research. They are relatively difficult to obtain
and time consuming. The
data collection phase is estimated to be spanned of total two weeks. The
respondents were asked to answer question based on the 4 variables of
independent variable, 4 dimensions of dependent variable and the questionnaires
were close statement in 6 point Likert scale format.
3.3.2
Secondary
Data Collection
Secondary data are the data already
collected and organized by various scholars, writers and researchers which are
published in the form of books, journals, articles etc. in printed media or
also in digital media and internet. These sources are used as source of data in
this research for the literature review and development of conceptual
framework. Secondary data are relatively easy to obtain but the source must be
reliable.
3.4 Instrumentation
The instrument used was a
researcher-made questionnaire checklist to gather the needed data for the impact
of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
The draft of the questionnaire was drawn out based on the researcher’s
readings, previous studies, professional literature, published and unpublished
thesis relevant to the study. In the preparation of the instrument, the requirements
in the designing of good data collection instrument were considered. For
instance, statement describing the situations or issues pertaining was toned
down to accommodate the knowledge preparedness of the respondents. Close-ended
options were provided to accommodate to free formatted views related to the topics.
In this way, the instrument is authorized to obtain valid responses of the local
people. Preference for the use of the structured questionnaire is premised on
several research assumptions such as a) cost of being a least expensive means
of gathering data, b) avoidance of personal bias, c) less pressure for
immediate response, and giving the respondents a greater feeling of anonymity.
In the end, it encouraged open responses to sensitive issues at hand. In
addition the instrument was validated by few consultant and former professors
before it laid.
3.4.1
Reliability Analysis
The reliability is a measure of
consistency and truthfulness of instruments used in collecting data.
Reliability and validity are conceptualized as trustworthiness, paradigm, rigor
and quality in qualitative paradigm. Reliability test gives a clear idea if
whether the used method is trustworthy or not. Although reliability cannot be
calculated accurately, it can be estimated sung different types of available
test measures for reliability of data. Cronbach’s Alpha was used here to test
the reliability of collected data. Cronbach’s Alpha considered a good measure
of reliability of data. Generally, 0.7 value of Cronbach’s Alpha is considered
as an excellent and value less than 0.5 is considered unacceptable.
Table 3.4.1
Reliability
Analysis
|
Code
|
Variable
|
Cronbach’s
Alpha
|
Number of item (N)
|
|
DMP
|
Decision-making
process
|
.793
|
4
|
|
TPP
|
Tourism planning and policy
|
.755
|
3
|
|
TLP
|
Transforming local occupation into
tourism products
|
.762
|
3
|
|
RCA
|
Restoration, cleanliness &
awareness program
|
.643
|
3
|
|
TDBM
|
Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
|
.899
|
13
|
|
|
Overall
|
.938
|
26
|
Table 3.4.1 shows Cronbach’s Alpha of
each variable of the research and overall value was calculated for the test of
reliability of the data based on pilot test using 26 questions of questionnaire.
Reliability test results presented in above table shows the overall value of
Cronbach’s Alpha is 0.938 which is higher than 0.7. Results of the individual shows that
decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation
into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program and tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality scored above 0.9 and they are above
acceptable range. This indicates that the questionnaire used for the data
collection is reliable.
3.5
Data Analysis
Data analysis was performed using “IBM
SPSS Statistics” software version 20 which is a commonly software in data
analysis. Each data collected is entered manually to the software to organize
the data. Cronbach’s Alpha was used to test the reliability of collected data.
After entering all the collected data in the software, the data are categorized
according to the demographic characteristics of the respondents to find out
various characteristics if the respondents such as level of education,
occupation age group etc.
After categorizing data into various
categories according to demographic characteristics the opinion of respondents
regarding the research variable are categorized and their relations are
analyzed as suggested in the theoretical framework of report by using
statistical techniques such as descriptive, correlation, regression etc.
Descriptive statistics such as simple
frequency count, percentage, mean and standard deviation, etc. are used analyze
average of different items of a single variable and their deviation from the
average value. Co-relation analysis is used to find out
relation between impact of local people participation (Independent variable)
and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality (Dependent variable).
Multiple regressions analysis is used to analyze the effect of local people
participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality where as
narrative analysis is used for qualitative data analysis.
CHAPTER
IV
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Introduction
The data collected from the procedure as
mentioned in chapter three used for analysis and presentation. The analysis of
data was performed, with help of “IBM SPSS Statistics” software version 20 and
“MS-Excel”. The analysis part consists of detail of the descriptive
respondent’s profile, descriptive e analysis of respondent’s answers on impact
of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
and its correlation among the dependent and independent variable.
This section is further sub-divided into
three sections. The first part detail with the respondents profile, it fives
demographic information of the respondents such as age gender, education and
occupation. The second part is descriptive analysis which analyzes the
collected data through frequency analysis and measures of central tendency.
Third, inferential analysis, which includes bivarate correlation analysis, hypothesis
testing, qualitative data analysis and final part, is the discussion of result
obtained through analysis as well
The main purpose of this section is to
test relationship between impacts of local people participation in tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality along
with the presence of independent variable such as decision-making process,
tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products
and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program and dependent variable tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality
4.2
Demographic profile of the respondents
The respondent are categorized into
various categorized according to their different demographic characteristics
such as age, gender, occupation and level of education. The following
information collected from the 150 respondents. The results of respondents
various demographic characteristics are described below.
4.2.1
Distributions of respondents by gender
Frequency distribution by gender in the
table 3 shows that out of 150 respondents, 61.3 percent i.e. 92 were male and
38.7 percent i.e. 58 were female. The result indicates that percentage of
female respondents is much lower than male respondents. The major cause for
this result could be the method of sampling which was chosen to be simple
random sampling.
Table 4.2.1
Frequency
distribution by gender
|
Gender
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
Male
|
92
|
61.3
|
|
Female
|
58
|
38.7
|
|
Total
|
150
|
100
|
4.2.2
Distributions of respondents by level of education
Frequency distribution by level of
education in the table 4 shows that out of 150 respondents 4 percent i.e. 6
were of secondary school level, 24 percent i.e. 36 were of +2 level, 53.3
percent were of Bachelors degree level i.e. 80 and 18.7 percent were of Masters
degree i.e. 28.The result indicates that percentage of Bachelors degree level is
much higher than other level of education.
Table 4.2.2
Frequency
distribution by level of education
|
Education Level
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
Secondary
|
6
|
4
|
|
+2
|
36
|
24
|
|
Bachelor
|
80
|
53.3
|
|
Master
|
28
|
18.7
|
|
Total
|
150
|
100
|
4.2.3
Distribution of respondents by occupation
Frequency distribution by occupation in
the table 4.2.3 shows that out of 150 respondents.14 percent i.e. 21 were students.7.3
percent i.e. 11 were teachers.8 percent i.e. 12 were business man.34.7 percent
i.e. 52 were private job holder.21.3 percent i.e. 32 were self-employed. 11.3 percent
i.e. 17 were from others business.
Table 4.2.3
Frequency
distribution by occupation
|
Occupation
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
Students
|
21
|
14
|
|
Teachers
|
11
|
7.3
|
|
Business
|
12
|
8
|
|
Government Job
|
5
|
3.3
|
|
Private Job
|
52
|
34.7
|
|
Self-Employed
|
32
|
21.3
|
|
Others
|
17
|
11.3
|
|
Total
|
150
|
100
|
4.2.4
Distributions of respondents according to age group
Frequency distribution by occupation in
the table 4.2.4 shows that out of 150 respondents.40 percent i.e. 60 were of
26-35 age group,36 percent i.e. 54 were of below 25 age group,20 percent i.e.
30 were of 36-50 age group and 4 percent i.e. 6 were of above 51 age group.
Table 4.2.4
Frequency
distribution by age group
|
Age Group
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
|
Below 25
|
54
|
36
|
|
26 to 35
|
60
|
40
|
|
36 to 50
|
30
|
20
|
|
Above 51
|
6
|
4
|
|
Total
|
150
|
100
|
4.3 Descriptive Statistics
It is used to analyze the data
collection from the respondents. The data for research was collected with the
help of a questionnaire based on 6 point rating scale ranging from 1-strongly
disagree to 6-strongly agree. The rating point scale ranges from 1-6 as follows:
1-Strongly Disagree, 2-Disagree, 3-Slightly Disagree, 4-Slighly Agree, 5-Agree
and 6- Strongly Agree.
The questionnaire contains with 26
opinion statements which were set to measure 4 different variables of
independent variable and 4 dimensions of dependent variable. Opinion statements were used to describe
independent variable decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming
local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness &
awareness program and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
Descriptive
statistics uses simple statistical tools to draw summaries from a given data
set. Mean and standard deviation is used here to summarize the data for each
variable which were collected during the data collection period using
questionnaire
|
4.3.1
Decision-Making Process
Table 4.3.1
Descriptive Statistics of Decision-making process
|
Code
|
Opinion statement
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
|
DMP1
|
There is an active
local people participation in tourism activities in our area.
|
150
|
4.03
|
1.248
|
|
|
DMP2
|
There is mandatory
voice of local people in the decision-making process in our area regarding
tourism activities.
|
150
|
3.91
|
1.375
|
|
|
DMP3
|
Municipality takes
review from local people in decision-making process in our area regarding
tourism activities.
|
150
|
3.79
|
1.420
|
|
|
DMP4
|
The final decision
for tourism activities that are made by Municipality in our area is always
with consultation with the local people.
|
150
|
3.97
|
1.519
|
|
|
DMP01
|
Decision-making
process
|
150
|
3.93
|
1.095
|
|
|
Descriptive statistics
results
presented in the table 4.3.1 shows the highest mean value M= 4.03 (SD= 1.248) is of
“There is an active local people participation in tourism activities in our
area.” which indicates most of the respondents slightly agree that there is an
active local people participation in tourism activities in our area. Similarly
the lowest mean value M= 3.79 (SD= 1.420)
is of “Municipality takes review from local people in decision-making process
in our area regarding tourism activities.” which indicates most of the respondents
slightly disagree or slightly agree that the Municipality takes review from
local people in decision-making process in our area regarding tourism
activities but a higher standard suggests that the opinion are more dispersed.
The overall mean value of decision-making
process is M= 3.93 (SD= 1.095). This indicates that impact of local people participation in decision-making
process in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is slightly agreeable.
4.3.2
Tourism Planning and Policy
Table 4.3.2
Descriptive Statistics of
Tourism planning and policy
|
Code
|
Opinion statement
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
|
TPP1
|
There is co-ordination between Municipality
and local people to make tourism planning and policy in our area regarding
tourism activities.
|
150
|
3.94
|
1.362
|
|
TPP2
|
Municipality counsel with local people
in our area in formulating tourism planning and policy regarding tourism
activities.
|
150
|
3.99
|
1.424
|
|
TPP3
|
There is an active local people
participation in our area in implementing tourism planning and policy
regarding tourism activities.
|
150
|
4.04
|
1.336
|
|
TPP01
|
Tourism planning and policy
|
150
|
3.99
|
1.126
|
|
Descriptive statistics results
presented in the table 4.3.2 shows the highest mean value M= 4.04 (SD=1.336) is of “There is an
active local people participation in our area in implementing tourism
planning and policy regarding tourism activities.” which indicates most of
the respondents slightly agree that there is an active local people
participation in our area in implementing tourism planning and policy
regarding tourism activities. Similarly the lowest mean value M= 3.94 (SD= 1.362) is of “There is
co-ordination between Municipality and local people to make tourism planning
and policy in our area regarding tourism activities.” which indicates most of
the respondents slightly disagree or slightly agree that the there is
co-ordination between Municipality and local people to make tourism planning
and policy in our area regarding tourism activities but a higher standard
suggests that the opinion are more dispersed.
The overall mean value of tourism
planning and policy is M= 3.99 (SD=
1.126).This indicates that
impact of local people participation in tourism planning and
policy in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is slightly
agreeable.
4.3.3 Transforming
Local Occupation into Tourism Products
Table 4.3.3
Descriptive Statistics of Transforming local occupation into tourism products
|
Code
|
Opinion statement
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
|
TLP1
|
Local occupations
are in synergy with the tourism activities.
|
150
|
4.39
|
1.129
|
|
TLP2
|
There is
transformation of local occupation into tourism business in our area.
|
150
|
4.53
|
1.115
|
|
TLP3
|
There are more
values to our local products in our area due to tourism activities.
|
150
|
4.75
|
1.341
|
|
TLP01
|
Transforming local
occupation into tourism products
|
150
|
4.56
|
.987
|
|
Descriptive statistics results
presented in the table 4.3.2 shows the highest mean value M= 4.75
(SD= 1.341) is of “There are more values to our local products in our area
due to tourism activities.” with standard deviation which indicates most of the
respondents slightly agree There are more values to our local products in our
area due to tourism activities. Similarly the lowest value of mean is M= 3.39 (SD= 1.129) is of “Local
occupations are in synergy with the tourism activities.” which indicates most
of the respondents slightly disagree or slightly agree that the local
occupations are in synergy with the tourism activities but a higher standard
suggests that the opinions are more dispersed
The overall mean value of transforming
local occupation into tourism products is M=
4.56 (SD= .0987).This indicates that
impact of local people participation in transforming local
occupation into tourism products in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
is slightly agreeable.
|
4.3.4
Restoration, Cleanliness & Awareness Program
Table 4.3.4
Descriptive Statistics of Restoration, cleanliness & awareness program
|
Code
|
Opinion statement
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
|
RCA1
|
Our cultural heritages
are restored in our area.
|
150
|
5.03
|
1.016
|
|
RCA2
|
Awareness program
related to tourism are frequently conducted in our area.
|
150
|
4.25
|
1.188
|
|
RCA3
|
Awareness program
related to cleanliness are frequently conducted in our area.
|
150
|
4.81
|
1.271
|
|
RCA01
|
Restoration, cleanliness
& awareness program
|
150
|
4.70
|
.889
|
|
Descriptive statistics results
presented in the table 4.3.4 shows the highest mean value M= 5.03 (SD= 1.016) is of “Our cultural heritages are restored in
our area.” which indicates most of the respondents agree that our cultural heritages
are restored in our area. Similarly the lowest mean value M= 4.81 (SD= 1.271) is of “Awareness program related to cleanliness
are frequently conducted in our area.” with standard deviation which indicates
most of the respondents slightly agree that awareness program related to
cleanliness are frequently conducted in our area but a higher standard suggests
that the opinion are more dispersed.
The overall mean value of restoration,
cleanliness & awareness program is M=
4.70 (SD=0.889).This indicates that
impact of local people participation in restoration,
cleanliness & awareness program in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
is slightly agreeable.
4.3.5
Tourism Development in Bhaktapur Municipality
Table 4.3.5
Descriptive Statistics of Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
|
Code
|
Opinion statement
|
N
|
Mean
|
Std. Deviation
|
|
Socio-cultural (SCD01)
|
Tourism activities in our area have preserved
our cultural heritages facilities.
|
150
|
4.90
|
1.110
|
|
|
Tourism activities in our area have
increased community
|
150
|
4.59
|
1.182
|
|
|
Tourism activities in our area have
increased local awareness.
|
150
|
4.47
|
1.091
|
|
|
Tourism activities in our area have
broadened outlook about tourism
|
150
|
4.65
|
1.043
|
|
Economic (ED01)
|
Tourism activities in our area have
flourished local business.
|
150
|
4.75
|
1.106
|
|
|
Tourism activities in our area have
increased local jobs.
|
150
|
4.91
|
1.038
|
|
|
Tourism activities in our area have
increased sales of local products which have increased our local income.
|
150
|
4.91
|
1.129
|
|
Environment (END01)
|
Tourism activities do not have
negative environmental concerns in our area.
|
150
|
4.04
|
1.423
|
|
|
Tourism activities in our area have
helped us in preserving our local environment.
|
150
|
4.55
|
1.090
|
|
|
Tourism activities in our area have
created eco-friendly environment.
|
150
|
4.51
|
1.145
|
|
Tourism planning and policy
(TPD01)
|
Tourism activities in our area have
increased local people active participation in tourism planning and policy.
|
150
|
4.08
|
1.207
|
|
|
Tourism activities in our area have
increased counseling with local people while creating tourism planning and
policy.
|
150
|
4
|
1.215
|
|
|
Tourism activities in our area have
formulated effective tourism planning and policy.
|
150
|
4.29
|
1.217
|
|
TDBM.CF02
|
Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
|
150
|
4.50
|
.779
|
Descriptive statistics results
presented in the table 4.3.5 shows the highest mean value M= 4.91 (SD= 1.038 and 1.129) is of “Tourism activities in our area
have increased local jobs and Tourism activities in our area have increased
sales of local products which have increased our local income.” which indicates
most of the respondents slightly agree tourism activities in our area have
increased local jobs and tourism activities in our area have increased sales of
local products which have increased our local income respectively. Similarly
the lowest mean value M= 4 (SD= 1.215)
is of “Tourism activities in our area have increased counseling with local
people while creating tourism planning and policy.” which indicates most of the
respondents slightly agree that tourism activities in our area have increased
counseling with local people while creating tourism planning and policy but a
higher standard suggests that the opinion are more dispersed.
The overall mean value of tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality is M=
4.50 (SD= 0.779).This indicates that tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality is good and most of respondents
slightly agree.
4.4
Correlation Analysis of Variables
This shows the
correlation coefficient and significance value to find out the relationship between
tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality (dependent variable) and the independent variable includes “Decision-making
process, Tourism planning and policy, Transforming local occupation into
tourism products and Restoration, cleanliness & awareness program”. The
coefficient shows the magnitude and direction of the relationship, whether it
is strong weak positive or negative. The higher values the stronger the
relationship. The sign also shows the direction of the relationship i.e. the
positive sigh shows a positive relationship and the negative show the opposite.
All the independent and dependent variable are measured by the Likert scale.
Table 4.4
Correlations between Tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality and Independent Variables
|
S.N
|
Independent
variables
|
|
Tourism development in Bhaktapur
Municipality
|
|
1
|
Decision-making process (DMP01)
|
Pearson Correlation
|
.571**
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed)
|
.000
|
|
N
|
150
|
|
2
|
Tourism planning and policy (TPP01)
|
Pearson Correlation
|
.679**
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed)
|
.000
|
|
N
|
150
|
|
3
|
Transforming local occupation into
tourism products (TLP01)
|
Pearson Correlation
|
.668**
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed)
|
.000
|
|
N
|
150
|
|
4
|
Restoration, cleanliness &
awareness program (RCA01)
|
Pearson Correlation
|
.660**
|
|
Sig. (2-tailed)
|
.000
|
|
N
|
150
|
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Table 4.4 presents the correlation
coefficient of Tourism Development in Bhaktapur Municipality and independent
variable.
The correlation
coefficient between independent variable decision-making process and dependent
variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is r = 0.571, and significance p-value is 0.000, which implies that
there is positively correlation between these two variables. Further, this
value indicates that there is positively correlation between independent
variable decision-making process and dependent variable tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality. The correlation is significant at 1 % level of
significance as p-value is less than alpha 0.000 < 0.01.
The correlation analysis
results presented in table 4.4 shows that Pearson correlation coefficient
between independent variable tourism planning and policy and dependent variable
tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is r = 0.679 and significance value is 0.000, which implies that the
two variables are positively correlated. Further, this value indicates that
there is moderate correlation between independent variable tourism planning and
policy and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
The correlation is significant at 1 % level of significance as p-value is less
than alpha 0.000 < 0.01.
The correlation
analysis results presented in table 4.4 shows that Pearson correlation
coefficient between independent variable transforming local occupation into
tourism products and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
is r = 0.668, and significance value is 0.000,which implies that the two
variables are positively correlated. Further, this value indicates that there
is moderate correlation between independent variable transforming local
occupation into tourism products and dependent variable tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality. The correlation is significant at 1 % level of
significance as p-value is less than alpha 0.000 < 0.01.
The correlation
analysis results presented in table 4.4 shows that Pearson correlation
coefficient between independent variable restoration, cleanliness &
awareness program and dependent variable tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
is r = 0.660 and significance value is 0.000, which implies that the two variables are
positively correlated. Further, this value indicates that there is moderate
correlation between independent variable restoration, cleanliness &
awareness program in tourism and dependent variable tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality. The correlation is significant at 1 % level of
significance as p-value is less than alpha .000 < 0.01.
4.5
Regression Analysis
Multiple regressions analysis is used to
analyze the impact of multiple independent variables on single dependent
variable. The multiple regressions analysis is used to analyze the impact of
various independent variable of the impact of local people participation in
tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. Multiple regressions analysis is
used to analyze the effect of perceived risk on the relationship between
decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local
occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness
program and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
4.5.1
Regression analysis of Tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
Table 4.5.1
Regression
analysis between tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality and explanatory
variables
|
Model Summary
|
Model
|
R
|
R Square
|
Adjusted R Square
|
Std. Error of the Estimate
|
|
1
|
.796a
|
.634
|
.624
|
.47790
|
|
|
a. Predictors:
(Constant), Restoration, cleanliness & awareness program,
Decision-making process, Transforming local occupation into
tourism products, Tourism planning and policy.
b. Dependent Variable: Tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality
|
The table 4.5.1 shows that the total
variation of tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality (TDBM.CF02)
that explained by decision-making process (DMP01), tourism planning and policy
(TPP01), transforming local occupation into tourism products (TLP01) and
restoration, cleanliness & awareness program (RCA01).
The value of coefficient multiple
determination squaring R (R2) is 0.634. It implies that the independent
variable together explain by 63.4% in the variation of Tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality at 95% confident interval. The chance of error of the estimate is
0.47790.
The finding of the coefficient of multiple
determinations R square show that
63.4% changes in tourism development of impact of local people participation in
tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality by restoration,
cleanliness & awareness program, decision-making
process, transforming local occupation into tourism products, tourism planning
and policy and remaining 36.6%
contributes by other quantitative and qualitative factors. R is the correlation coefficient which shows the relationship
between the dependent and independent variable.
In
finding the above table 4.5.1 shows that there is significant positive
relationship between the dependent and independent variables as shown by 0.796.
|
Table 4.5.2
ANOVAa Goodness of fit of Regression
|
|
Model
|
Sum of Squares
|
df
|
Mean Square
|
F
|
Sig.
|
|
1
|
Regression
|
57.286
|
4
|
14.322
|
62.707
|
.000b
|
|
|
Residual
|
33.116
|
145
|
.228
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
90.403
|
149
|
|
|
|
|
|
a. Dependent Variable: Tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality
|
|
b. Predictors: (Constant), Restoration,
cleanliness & awareness program, Decision-making
process, Transforming local occupation into
tourism products, Tourism planning and policy
|
In table 4.5.2 a multiple regression was
performed between tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality (TDBM.CF02)
as dependent variable and decision-making process (DMP01), tourism planning and
policy (TPP01), transforming local occupation into tourism products (TLP01) and
restoration, cleanliness & awareness program (RCA01) as independent
variables.
The adjusted squared multiple correlation was
significantly different from zero (62.707, p > 0.000)
and 36.6 % of the variation in the dependent variable was explained by the set
of independent variables. All the independent variables decision-making process
(t= 0.294, p= 0.769), tourism planning and policy (t=3.538, p=0.001), transforming
local occupation into tourism products (t=4.827, p=0.000), restoration,
cleanliness & awareness program (t=4.757, p=0.000)
were found to be uniquely and significantly contribute to the prediction of
tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
The regression result for independent effect of decision-making
process, tourism
planning and policy, transforming local occupation into
tourism products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness
program on tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality is shown in the table below:
|
Table 4.5.3
Coefficientsa re
Regression
result for independent effect on Tourism development in Bhaktapur
Municipality
|
|
|
Unstandardized Coefficients
|
|
Standardized Coefficients
|
|
|
|
|
Model
|
B
|
Std. Error
|
B
|
t
|
Sig.
|
|
1
|
(Constant)
|
1.196
|
.228
|
|
5.238
|
.000
|
|
|
Decision-making
process (DMP01)
|
.017
|
.057
|
.024
|
.294
|
.769
|
|
|
Tourism planning
and policy (TPP01)
|
.212
|
.060
|
.307
|
3.538
|
.001
|
|
|
Transforming local
occupation into tourism products
(TLP01)
|
.248
|
.051
|
.315
|
4.827
|
.000
|
|
|
Restoration,
cleanliness & awareness program (RCA01)
|
.268
|
.056
|
.306
|
4.757
|
.000
|
|
|
a. Dependent Variable: Tourism development
in Bhaktapur Municipality (TDBM.CF02)
|
From the table 4.5.3 analyses, the value
of constant is 1.196 from the information the regression equation can be
produce.
TDBM.CF02 = 1.196 + 0.017 DMP01+ 0.212 TPP01+ 0.248
TLP01+ 0.268 RCA01
From the coefficient table the regression coefficient of DMP01, TPP01, TLP01 and RCA01
are,
0.017, 0.212, 0.248 and 0.268
respectively which indicates that 1 unit increment in DMP01 leads to increase 0.017
in TDBM.CF02. 1 unit
increment in TPP01 leads to increase 0.212 in TDBM.CF02. 1 unit increment in TLP01
leads to increase 0.248 in TDBM.CF02. 1 unit increment in RCA01 leads to
increase 0.268 in TDBM.CF02 of impact of local people
participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
From the above finding there is positive
relationship between dependent variable and independent variable. The study
further revealed that the p-value was less than 0.001.
4.6 Hypothesis Testing
H1:
There is positive effect of local people participation in decision-making
process in tourism development.
Results presented in table 4.5.3 shows the
regression result for independent effect on tourism development in Bhaktapur
Municipality i.e. decision-making process effect on tourism development is p-value
= 0.769.The effect of decision-making process on tourism development was found
to be statically insignificant. Hence, H1 is not accepted.
H2:
There is positive effect of local people participation in tourism policy and
planning in tourism development.
Results presented in table 4.5.3 shows
the regression result for independent effect on tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality i.e. tourism
policy and planning on tourism development is p-value = 0.001.The effect of tourism
policy and planning on tourism development was found to be statically
significant. Hence, H2 is accepted.
H3:
There is positive effect of local people participation in transforming local
products into tourism products in tourism development.
Results presented in table 4.5.3 shows the regression result for independent effect
on tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality i.e. transforming local products into tourism products on tourism development is p-value =
0.000.The effect of transforming local products into tourism products on tourism development was found to be
statically significant.Hence,H3 is accepted.
H4:
There is positive effect of local people participation in restoration, cleanliness
and awareness program in tourism development.
Results presented in table 4.5.3 shows
the regression result for independent effect on tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality i.e. restoration,
cleanliness and awareness program and
tourism development is p-value = 0.000.The effect of cleanliness and awareness on
local people participation was found to be statically significant. Hence, H4 is
accepted.
4.7
Qualitative Data Analysis
For this research study structure
interview was used for the collection of opinion and perception of stakeholders
regarding about impact of local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur
Municipality. Out of 20 interview sample 17 interview samples were collected.
It contains 9 questions with mixed theme which is described below:
Theme 1: Perception
It is the way in which something is regarded,
understood, or interpreted. Each individual has its own perception regarding in
same topic. According to interview the statements of respondents regarding about
perception on overall tourism development in our area are.
“Tourism development is in progressive form”
“Comparatively developing than other others
industry”
“Better than past few years”
This shows that there is positive
perception about overall tourism development in Bhaktapur municipality it is
because tourism has been emerging industry at current period of time.
Theme 2: Sustainable tourism
It is type
of tourism industry committed to making a low impact on the environment and
local culture, while helping to generate future employment for local people. According
to interview the statements of respondents regarding about ideas to make
sustainable tourism in our area are.
“Collaboration
between tourism organization and local people for common goals”
“Preservation
and restoration of cultural heritages and traditions”
“Pre-vocational
school and entrepreneurial training through the use of locally available
resources”
This shows that to make sustainable
tourism in Bhaktapur municipality there is a need of local people participation
binding hand together with tourism organizations for common goals. Culture
heritage are the main attraction of Bhaktapur municipality for its longevity it
requires preservation and restoration of cultural heritages and traditions.
There must be pre-vocational institutes and entrepreneurial training through
the use of locally available resources
Theme 3: Impact of local people in
development of tourism
Impact could be either positive or
negative the results are based upon the activities of human being and
exploitation of resources.
According to interview the statements of respondents regarding perception about
impact of local people in development of tourism area are.
“Active participation of local people in development of tourism”
“Cultural
heritages arts and traditions has been persevered”
“Local
products have been flourished”
This
shows that there is a positive impact of local people in
development of tourism it is because there is an active local people
participation in any development project conducted in Bhaktapur municipality.
Cultural has been preserved due its importance for the development of tourism
and local products have been transformed as tourism products due to the
positive impacts of local people in development of tourism.
Theme 4: Awareness
Providing or
sharing knowledge about something form which can be aware about something from
it impacts. According to interview
the statements of respondents regarding is there enough awareness that
is being carried out by municipality as well as tourism organization to aware
local people about tourism in our area are.
“Very few awareness program regarding
tourism”
“We BTDC are also trying our best but not
enough”
“Not so much, municipality or tourism organization
have-not done as much as they could should have”
This
shows that there is a lack of awareness program. Municipality as well as tourism organization should
carry enough
awareness to aware local people about tourism for the betterment for all so that
everyone can take advantages being aware about tourism and its importance.
Theme 5: Tourism activities for tourism
development and Activities to include local people in tourism.
Tourism related activity which generally
support for the development of it.
According to interview the statements of respondents regarding tourism activities there for tourism
development in our area activities to include local people in
tourism are.
“Establishment of hotel, entrepreneurial
training and local tourist guide training”
“Timely renovation, preservation
and cleanliness of heritages”
“Promotion of local products,
festival, cultural, traditions and resources”
This
shows that there are numerous activities that helps in development of tourism
among them establishment of hotel, providing entrepreneurial
training and local tourist guide training to local people, timely renovation, preservation and cleanliness of
heritages as well as promotion of
local products, festival, cultural, traditions and resources etc can be the tourism
activities for tourism development and activities to include
local people in tourism.
Theme
6: Localized local products as tourism products
Things
which are made using locally available products generally can be a one of the
attractive products for tourist. According to interview the statements of respondents
regarding opportunities
for extended localized local products as tourism products in the future are.
“Preserve identification and
production of local products”
“Being authentic products it can
attract tourist”
“A local product reflects culture
of particular area. Their originality with certain modification can bring
better opportunities”
This
shows that there is
a positive future for local products in extending localized local products as
tourism products in availability of desirable market.Extending local products
preservation of identification and production of local products takes place as
well as local income rises which leads to have better life.
Theme 7: Reaction of local people.
The inner feeling usually shows by
individual after consumption of goods which could be either positive or
negative. According to interview
the statements of respondents regarding the reactions of local people in our
area regarding tourism development are.
“Seems
good because perception of local people towards tourism has been changed than
before”
Overall there is a positive reaction of local people
regarding tourism development in Bhaktapur municipality.
4.8
Major Findings
The keys finding of the study are
summarized follow:
1. The Cronbach‘s Alpha value is 0.938
which show that the questionnaire used for the data collection is reliable.
2. Out of total 150 respondents, 61.3
percent i.e. 92 were male and remaining 38.7 i.e. 58 were female.
3. The majority of respondents 53.3
percent have completed bachelor’s degree, 18.7 percent have completed out Masters
degree, 4 percent have completed secondary school level, 24 percent have
completed +2 level.
4. The majority of respondents 34.7
percent were private job employee i.e. 52, 14 percent i.e. were students.7.3
percent i.e. 11 were teachers.8 percent i.e. 12 were business man.3.3 percent
i.e. 5 were government employee,21.3 percent i.e. 32 were self-employed. 11.3 percent
i.e. 17 were from others business.
5. The majority of respondents 40
percent i.e. 60 were of 26-35 age group,36 percent i.e. 54 were of below 25 age
group,20 percent i.e. 30 were of 36-50 age group and 4 percent i.e. 6 were of
above 51 age group.
6. The mean value of decision-making
process is M= 3.93 (SD = 1.095). This indicates that impact of local people participation in decision-making
process in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is slightly agreeable.
7. The mean value of tourism
planning and policy is M= 3.99 (SD=
1.126).This indicates that impact of local people
participation in tourism planning and policy in tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality is slightly agreeable.
8. The mean value of transforming
local occupation into tourism products is M=
4.56 (SD= .0987).This indicates that
impact of local people participation in transforming local
occupation into tourism products in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
is slightly agreeable.
9. The overall mean
value of restoration, cleanliness & awareness program is M= 4.70 (SD=0.889).This indicates that impact of local people participation in restoration,
cleanliness & awareness program in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality
is slightly agreeable
10. The mean value of tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality is M=
4.50 (SD= 0.779).This indicates that tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality is good and most of respondents
slightly agree it.
11. The r value of decision-making process and tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality is 0.571, which indicates that there is
moderate uphill positive relationship. P-value generated is 0.000 which indicates
decision-making process and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality has
statically significant association at 1 percent level of significance. Greater
the decision-making process, higher tourism development in Bhaktapur
12. The r value of tourism planning and policy
and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is 0.679 which indicates that
there is moderate uphill positive relationship. P-value generated is 0.000
which indicates tourism planning and policy and tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality has statically significant association at 1 percent
level of significance. Greater the tourism planning and policy, higher tourism
development in Bhaktapur
13. The r value of transforming local occupation
into tourism products and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is 0.668,
which indicates that there is moderate uphill positive relationship. P-value
generated is 0.000 which indicates transforming local occupation into tourism
products and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality has statically
significant association at 1 percent level of significance. Greater the
transforming local occupation into tourism products, higher tourism development
in Bhaktapur.
14. The r value of restoration, cleanliness
& awareness program and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is 0.660,
which indicates that there is moderate uphill positive relationship. P-value
generated is 0.000 which indicates restoration, cleanliness & awareness
program and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality has statically
significant association at 1 percent level of significance. Greater the restoration,
cleanliness & awareness program, higher tourism development in Bhaktapur.
15. Hypothesis 1 was not
accepted. The result showed that the effect of decision-making process on tourism
development was found to be statically insignificant.
16. Hypothesis 2 was
accepted. The result showed that the effect of tourism planning and policy and
tourism development on tourism development was found to be statically
significant.
17. Hypothesis 3 was
accepted. The result showed that the effect of transforming local occupation
into tourism products on tourism development was found to be statically
significant.
18. Hypothesis 4 was
accepted. The result showed that the effect of restoration, cleanliness &
awareness program into tourism products on tourism development was found to be
statically significant.
4.9 Discussion
The main purpose of the study was to
analyze the impact of local people participation in tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality. The findings showed that there is a positive and
significant impact of local people participation in tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality which states that higher local people participation in
tourism, higher the tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality and vice
versa.
The study depicted that decision making
process had positive and insignificant impact on tourism development. Local
people participation is the mechanism for active local involvement in
partnership working, decision making and representation in local structures
where as passive people participation leads to downhill of decision making
process. The result of the research is inconsistent with the different other
research conducted in various part of world. The study conducted by Chapman
& Kirk, (2001) had significant impact of people participation in tourism
development of Edinburgh, Scotland. The study of Aref (2011) had concluded that
people participation is positively correlated with tourism development.
Tourism policy and planning in this
research had positive and significant impact on tourism development. People
participation encourages governments to be accountable and also enables locals
to be involved in the planning and implementation of projects in their
respective areas. This result is consistent with findings of other researcher Croke,
Grossman, Larreguy and Marshall (2014) who found that people participation had
positive and significant impact on tourism development.
Transforming local occupation into
tourism products had positive and significant impact on tourism development.
The more local products are market the more tourism development pace takes
place by attracting revenue from visitors. This result is consistent with the
results of Maleki (1997) who have found that transforming local occupation into
tourism products had positive and significant impact on tourism development. Restoration,
cleanliness and awareness program in this research had positive and significant
relationship on tourism development. Local people participation in tourism
development processes can support and uphold local culture, tradition,
knowledge and skill, and create pride in local heritage. This result is
consistent with the findings of researcher Lacy et al (2002), who found that upholding
local culture, tradition, and knowledge had positive and significant impact on
tourism development. Therefore, the findings of this research show both
consistent and contrast with literature review.
CHAPTER
V
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS
5.1
Summary
With all reference to the data, research and
analysis of the Bhaktapur Municipality we came to point that local people
participation and tourism development are parallel. Without one the other is
very hard to take and for the satisfaction all the people of the community and
the area should give equal hand. It cannot be only fulfilled by the local
government authority neither only by the local people. All of them should try
to contribute for the upliftment of destination clean and healthy both
physically as well as mentally (Shahi, 2019).
This study trying to give answered of some research question
i.e. is
there any participation of local people in tourism development in Bhaktapur
Municipality? What is the context of tourism development in Bhaktapur
Municipality? What is the effect of local people participation in tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality? What factors of local people
participation effect the tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality? These questions are necessary to fulfill objectives
(to
examine the status of local people participation in tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality, to examine the status of tourism development in
Bhaktapur Municipality, to analyze the effect of local people participation in
tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality) of the research.
This
research has provided information mainly on impact of local people
participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality in different factors
like decision-making process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local
occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness and awareness
program. For the
purpose of the study observation, questionnaire and interviews were adopted, to collect qualitative
and quantitative data. This is a descriptive and explanatory study and so it has followed both of
these two types of research design. This methods and techniques incorporate
from questionnaire
survey to key informant’s interview. Convenient sampling
method was used to collect the data. The questionnaire was created and divided
into two parts; there were altogether 31 questions. First part consist of 5 questions with motive to collect
respondents demographic and second part consist of 26 opinions statement to
collect respondents view on 6 point based rating scale ranging from 1- strongly
disagree to 6- strongly agree. Total 150 questionnaires was prepared and
distributed to collect the information about impact of local people
participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality in 6 point Likert scale
format.
Primary data collection method was used
for this research, survey questionnaire method was used. Questionnaire was
handed through delivery and collection method which belongs to the category of
self admires questionnaire. Delivery and collection of questionnaire allow
research to confirm that the questionnaires were filled up completely and
reduce the occurrence of missing data.
Data analysis was performed using IBM
SPPS Statistic, software version 20 which is commonly used software in data
analysis. Each collected data is entered manually to the software to organize
the data. Cronbach’s alpha was used to test the reliability of collected data.
After entering all the collect data in the software, the data are categorized
according to various demographic characteristic of the respondents to find our various
characteristic of the respondent such as age, gender and education etc.
In this research, the independent
variables are decision-making process, tourism planning and policy,
transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration, cleanliness
& awareness program and tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality as
dependent variable. Qualitative analysis is used to analyze the perception and
opinion of stakeholders. Pearson matrix is used for showing positive relations
between independent and dependent variable. Multiple regression analysis is
uses to analyze the effect of multiple independent variables on single
dependent variable. Thus, multiple regressions were used to analyze the effect
of various independent variable of local people participation on tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality which has positive relationship.
In a nutshell, local people
participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality has positive and
significant with factors like decision-making process, tourism planning and
policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and restoration,
cleanliness & awareness program.
5.2
Conclusion
The main purpose of this research is to
analyze the impact of local people
participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. The
questionnaire survey was carried out among the local people of Bhaktapur
Municipality. The conceptual frame work developed from the literature review.
This search has used 4 independent variables decision-making process, tourism
planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism products and
restoration, cleanliness & awareness program to analyze the impact of local
people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality.
There is a positive impact of local
people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality and play
important role in all contexts or dimension for the development of tourism. Tourism
development is generating sizeable amount of revenue and local employment as
well as promotion of local products has created market for local
handicrafts and gift items. With it the local traditional craft and
craftsmen are getting opportunities to preserve and promote their ancient
skills that have been handed down generation by generations.
But still the full tourism potential of Bhaktapur has not been utilized
properly because the average number of days spent by tourists is very low. This
can be extended by introducing new activities such as visiting manufactures
area for observing production of Ju-Ju Dhau (king curd), Local aila/Jaad
(alcohol), pottery, handicrafts and other local products etc which is made from
locally available resources. Bhaktapur Municipality has tremendous tourism
potential.
Places beside the main Durbar Square
should be explored and publicized as per its specialty through proper modes of
promotion. Introduction of new tourism activities as well as designing new
itinerary can contribute in increasing the length of tourist stay in Bhaktapur
Municipality. Major share of money is being drained out of the local economy
through beverages and soft drink items. Complete replacement of the beverages
and soft drinks item isn’t possible, but accommodation establishments and
restaurants can still reduce beverage consumption by promoting local
alternative products like Ju-Ju Dhau (Curd), Local aila/Jaad (alcohol), fruit juices
etc. Bigger restaurants must promote local products; this will help in reducing
the amount of money diverted away from Bhaktapur Municipality. Through the use
of local food, the agriculture sector can grow to the extent of creating jobs
and contributing in the rise of total revenue. Bhaktapur Municipality is the
cultural and historical city here cultural tourism can be experience throughout
the year therefore Bhaktapur Municipality should restore, clean and maintenance
of temples as per need for the preservation of cultural heritages as well as
should develop proper tourism planning and policy coordinating with local
people for the betterment of both local people and tourists who visit over
here. It may not bring valuable foreign currency, but certainly will create
more employment opportunities leading to the increase in tax revenue from
economic activity.
Tourism
development in Bhaktapur Municipality has preserved the cultural heritage’s and
has created up various opportunities for the locals ranging from creation of tourism
market for local traditional crafts to part–time jobs for students. Tourism development
in Bhaktapur Municipality has generated a lot of direct and secondary
employments, and stimulated the local economy through income and employment
multiplier effect (Shahi, 2019).
The literature review provides useful
insight about the independent variables and dependent variable. According to
the finding of this study, the impact of
local people participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is positive. In others word,
development of tourism in Bhaktapur is accepted by all the local people and the
impacts caused by various independent variable as also accepted. More over the impact
of local people participation in
tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality is for the betterment of local people living in this municipality.
5.3
Implications
Bhaktapur Municipality has been doing a lot
in developing tourism by preserving historic monuments/cultural heritage collaborating
with local people. The findings of the study contribute to municipality local
people, academicians and researchers. The findings indicated that decision-making
process, tourism planning and policy, transforming local occupation into tourism
products and restoration, cleanliness & awareness program had significant
impact on tourism development in Bhaktapur municipality.
The findings of the study concluded that
local people participation is crucial for tourism development. Hence, municipality should focus on local
people participation factors
to enhance tourism development. Many implications of this research can be
illustrated in boarder senses and also further researches in future for more in
depth understanding of the related subject.
The
study report can be helpful in preserving cultural, norms and values of ancient
culture. Local people participation benefits the local tourism organizations
introducing the opportunities such as requirements of quality man-power,
physical and securities facilities regarding tourism promotion and development.
Likewise the new emerging concept of home stay, traditional-based institution
has been arises for the development of tourism. For local people this report
aware that each and every locality is equally importance in tourism prospective
due to its own specialty. They can engage in technical skills and effective
awareness campaign. They can involve in local entrepreneurship and social
entrepreneurship for community prosperity through development of tourism.
Others, local government of various areas can apply through subsidizing or
supporting needful cultural organization for their local tourism development.
5.3.1
Implications for the Future Research
Every research has its own limitation and
this limitation always pave the way for further study and new finding on the
similar field of study. Following are few implications for the future
researches:
1.
The future research should not limit to
Bhaktapur Municipality only and it should cover others remaining Municipality
of Bhaktapur district.
2.
This research has limited the research on the
local people participation. Therefore it is encouraged to research the others
factors for the local people participation beyond the factors included in this report.
3.
This research has highlight impact of people
participation in tourism development in Bhaktapur Municipality. So future
research could be conducted on impact of tourism in Bhaktapur Municipality.
4.
Future research could be
conducted on satisfaction level of local people from the development of tourism
because this research has not investigated about local people satisfaction
level.
5.
Future research could be
conducted on tourist satisfaction level on their visit to Bhaktapur
Municipality because this research has not investigated about tourist
satisfaction level.
6.
Another future research could be
conducted on typical specific local products
of Bhaktapur Municipality.
7.
Additional academic research could be conducted
with wider variety of socio-cultural, more sample size and making it a blend of
qualitative and quantitative approaches of the research.
8.
Lastly, potentiality of tourism in Bhaktapur
district could be another future research because this research hasn’t
investigated about potential of tourism in Bhaktapur district.
